1. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 1 of 20 Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 2Cosmic Radiation Module I.4.2 IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 2 of 20 Introduction Cosmic radiation from space will be discussed Cosmic radiation from space will be discussed Students will learn about cosmic radiation, cosmogenic radionuclides, variance of cosmic radiation with latitude and altitude, and exposure from cosmic radiation Students will learn about cosmic radiation, cosmogenic radionuclides, variance of cosmic radiation with latitude and altitude, and exposure from cosmic radiation

3. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 3 of 20 Content Cosmic radiation Cosmic radiation Cosmogenic radionuclides Cosmogenic radionuclides Radiation variance with latitude and altitude Radiation variance with latitude and altitude Dose rates from cosmic radiation Dose rates from cosmic radiation

4. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 4 of 20 Overview Cosmic radiation and its health significance will be discussed Cosmic radiation and its health significance will be discussed Cosmogenic radionuclides will be listed and described Cosmogenic radionuclides will be listed and described

5. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 5 of 20 Types of Cosmic Radiation Primary cosmic radiation Primary cosmic radiation Secondary cosmic radiation Secondary cosmic radiation

6. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 6 of 20 Primary Cosmic Radiation Made up of extremely high energy particles (up to 10 18 eV) Made up of extremely high energy particles (up to 10 18 eV) Composed mostly of protons with a small fraction of larger particles Composed mostly of protons with a small fraction of larger particles Large percentage comes from outside solar system Large percentage comes from outside solar system Some comes from sun in form of solar flares Some comes from sun in form of solar flares

7. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 7 of 20 Secondary Cosmic Radiation Produced by interaction of the primary cosmic radiation with the atmosphere Produced by interaction of the primary cosmic radiation with the atmosphere Is what actually reaches us on Earths surface Is what actually reaches us on Earths surface Consists of lower energy radiations in the form of photons, electrons, neutrons and muons Consists of lower energy radiations in the form of photons, electrons, neutrons and muons

8. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 8 of 20 Background Radiation Galactic radiation is a component of the background radiation on earth.

9. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 9 of 20 Background Radiation Cosmic radiation contributes to the background radiation on earth. The earths atmosphere provides shielding from most of the cosmic radiation.

10. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 10 of 20 Background Radiation The dose from cosmic radiation is reduced at lower altitude due to the additional shielding by the earths atmosphere.

11. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 11 of 20 Cosmogenic Radionuclides NuclideHalf-lifeSource Natural Activity 14 C 5730 yr Cosmic-ray interactions, 14 N(n,p) 14 C 0.22 Bq/g 3H3H3H3H 12.3 yr Cosmic-rayInteractions with N and O 1.2 x 10 -3 Bq/kg 7 Be 53.3 days Cosmic-rayInteractions with N and O 0.01 Bq/kg

12. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 12 of 20 Cosmic Ray Doses Subsonic Flight at 11 km Route Flight Duration (hrs) Dose per round trip (μGy) Los Angeles – Paris 11.148 Chicago – Paris 8.336 New York - Paris 7.431 New York - London 7.029 Los Angeles - New York 5.219 Sydney - Acapulco 17.444

13. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 13 of 20 Cosmic Ray Doses Supersonic Flight at 19 km Route Flight Duration (hrs) Dose per round trip (μGy) Los Angeles – Paris 3.837 Chicago – Paris 2.826 New York – Paris 2.624 New York – London 2.422 Los Angeles - New York 1.913 Sydney - Acapulco 6.221

14. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 14 of 20 Typical Cosmic Ray Dose Rates 4 x 10 -8 Sv/hr at ground level in Northeastern US 4 x 10 -8 Sv/hr at ground level in Northeastern US 2 x 10 -7 Sv/hr at 4.6 km altitude 2 x 10 -7 Sv/hr at 4.6 km altitude 3 x 10 -6 Sv/hr at 16.8 km altitude 3 x 10 -6 Sv/hr at 16.8 km altitude

15. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 15 of 20 Natural Radiation Exposure Around the World

16. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 16 of 20 Cosmic Dose Rate Map of Switzerland

17. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 17 of 20 Effective Dose Equivalent to a Member of the Population of the United States Source Average Annual Effective Dose Equivalent in μSv Inhaled (radon and decay products) 2000 Other Internbally Deposited Radionuclides 390 Terrestrial Radiation 280 Cosmic Radiation 270 Cosmogenic Radioactivity 10 Rounded Total from Natural Sources 3000 Rounded Total from Artificial Sources 600 Total3600

18. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 18 of 20 Sources of Radiation Exposure In the United States

19. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 19 of 20 Summary Cosmic radiation was discussed Cosmic radiation was discussed Cosmogenic radiouclides were listed and discussed Cosmogenic radiouclides were listed and discussed Radiation variance with latitude and altitude was described Radiation variance with latitude and altitude was described Dose rates from cosmic radiation were discussed. Dose rates from cosmic radiation were discussed.

20. 3/2003 Rev 1 I.4.2 – slide 20 of 20 Where to Get More Information Cember, H., Johnson, T. E., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2008) Cember, H., Johnson, T. E., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2008) Martin, A., Harbison, S. A., Beach, K., Cole, P., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 6 th Edition, Hodder Arnold, London (2012) Martin, A., Harbison, S. A., Beach, K., Cole, P., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 6 th Edition, Hodder Arnold, London (2012) Eisenbud, M., Gesell, T. F., Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial and Military Sources, 4 th Edition, Academic Press Inc., New York (1997) Eisenbud, M., Gesell, T. F., Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial and Military Sources, 4 th Edition, Academic Press Inc., New York (1997) Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8 th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999) Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8 th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)