1. GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN DEPARTMENT OF MINES & GEOLOGY RAJASTHAN RAW MATERIAL AVAILABILITY FOR CERAMIC, GLASS & ALLIED INDUSTRIES IN RAJASTHAN ASHOK SHARMA ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR (GEOLOGY), JAIPUR

2.  The State has a glorious heritage in the field of mines and minerals & is conferred as a museum of minerals, both Metallic, Non- metallic & renowned building stones.  State is privileged to posses 79 minerals out of total 89 minerals found in the country.  It is second after Jharkhand as regards to mineral wealth.  Rajasthan is the richest state in terms of availability and variety of minerals in the country and presently produces about 57 different minerals. Rajasthan is the sole producer of Lead & Zinc ores and concentrate, Calcite and Selenite.  The State possesses substantial share of the total resources of Potash (94%), Lead & Zinc ore (89%), Wollastonite (88%), Silver (81%), Gypsum (82%), Fuller's earth (74%), Diatomite (72%), Marble (64%), Asbestos (62%), Copper ore (50%) and Rock Phosphate (30%).  The value of mineral production in Rajasthan during 2011-12 was Rs. 23,752 crore, increased by 19% as compared to the previous year.  Its share to the total value of mineral production in the country in 2011-12 was about 9% and is ranked second in the country. RAJASTHAN : MINERAL SCENARIO

3. Geological Map of Rajasthan

4. Mineral Map of Rajasthan 4

5. RAJASTHAN : TREASURE OF GLASS & CERAMICS MINERALS  CLAYS  FELDSPAR  SILICA GROUP-QUARTZ,SILICA SAND & QUARTZITE  WOLLASTONITE  KYANITE  SOAPSTONE

6. RAJASTHAN : CLAYS Clays consists mainly of the mineral kaolinite i.e. Hydrous Aluminum Silicate (Al 2 O 3 2Sio 2 2H 2 O) Ball Clay is a highly plastic clay of Kaolinite group like China/fire clay, but has less refractoriness. The chemical composition of ball clay is similar to that of China clay, except that the ball clay contains high silica. The main utility of ball clay lies in the plasticity, high bonding qualities and tensile strength. It is therefore, used in blend with non- - plastic to semi - plastics clays for obtaining requisite plasticity. It is added in various proportions for the preparation of body composition of various sanitary wares, bathtub tiles, porcelain, etc. China Clay China clay, also called kaolin. It results from the alterations of feldspars, granite, gneiss and pegmatite rocks by hydrothermal action of aqueous solution. China clay usually carries some impurities in a small quantity such as silica, iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium, potassium, sodium oxides, mica, tourmaline, etc. China clay is mainly used in ceramics, textiles, Paper, rubber, paints, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. It is also used in insecticides and cement manufacturing. Fire ClayThe name fire clay is given to a group of refractory clays, which can stand high temperatures. Fire clay in generally sedimentary in origin and is mainly found in coal & Lignite measures. However, all fire clays are not necessarily plastic clays. Depending upon the refractoriness fire clay can be used for manufacture of low duty, high duty or super duty firebrick.

7. RAJASTHAN : CLAYS RESOURCES  Rajasthan possesses ball clay, fire clay and china clay deposits  The known reserves of these clays are of the order of 38 million tonnes, 17.8 million tonnes and 208 million tonnes respectively.  A reserve of 20 million tonnes of fireclay can be obtained from Lignite areas of Bikaner districts DISTRIBUTION  Good Quality Clay deposits in older geological formations are formed due to the Kaolinization and effect of tectonic deformation in Chittaurgarh, Bhilwara, Bundi, Swaimadhpour, Karauli, Dausa and Bharatpur districts.  Tertiary Clay deposits are found in the districts of Barmer, Bikaner, Pali and Nagaur. PRODUCTION  Bikaner and Chittaurgarh are leading producers. BENEFICIATION:  At present the clays are not being beneficiated except for some washing & removal of Iron.  This is an area where lot of scope exists for improving the Low Grade Deposits.

8. Ball Clay in Rajasthan Ball Clay:- Rajasthan possesses 38% of ball clay resources of the country and contributes 83% of production of the country. Its major use is in Ceramics and Pottery, other uses are Refractory, Pesticide, Insulators, Detergents, Textiles and Paint Industries. Ball clays of Bikaner are plastic, white burning & have good green strength in the body of Ceramics.

9. China Clay in Rajasthan  China Clay:- Rajasthan has 14% of china clay resources in the country and 18% share in production. China clay is used in Ceramic, Cosmetic, Paint, Paper, Pesticides, Refractory and Rubber, Cement, Glass, Textiles and Abrasive Industries. China Clay of Chittaurgarh is suitable in Cement industry due to property of good Lime Reactivity

10. Fire Clay in Rajasthan  Fire Clay: Rajasthan possesses 9% of fire clay resources of the country. The State continued to occupy the first position among the States in production with contribution of 52%. It is used for the manufacturing of Fire bricks, Sanitary wares, Retorts & Crucibles.Fire clays available in Lignite seams can be used in Saggers & refractories.

11. Feldspars in Rajasthan  Feldspars, comprises of a complex series of alumino-silicates with varying amounts of potassium, sodium, calcium and rarely barium. RESOURCES  As per the UNFC system, the total resources of feldspar in the country as on 1.4.2010 are estimated at about 132 million tonnes.  Rajasthan alone accounts for about 66% of the total Feldspar resources of the country.  Other states resources - Andhra Pradesh (16%), Tamil Nadu (7%), Bihar (4%) and West Bengal (3%). PRODUCTION  The production of feldspar was 660 thousand tonnes in 2011-12  Rajasthan was the leading producing state - contributing 63% of the total production  Other states production- Andhra Pradesh (30%), Tamil Nadu (4%), Jharkhand (2%,), and the remaining 1% was contributed by West Bengal.

12. Feldspars in Rajasthan Feldspar:-It is used as fluxing agent in softening, melting and welding in ceramic industries. Rajasthan contributes about 66% of the total resources of feldspar in India. Ajmer district is the leading producer in the state having about 17 million tonnes of feldspar.

13. Silica Minerals in Rajasthan SILICA MINERALS  Quartz, quartz crystals, quartzite, silica sand, sand (others) and moulding sand are all coined together in one generic name 'silica minerals’-crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2). RESOURCES  As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2010, the total resources of quartz and silica sand in the country are estimated at 3,499 million tonnes - Rajasthan (9.5%) SILICA SAND & QUARTZ DEPOSITS IN RAJASTHAN:  In Ajmer, Alwar, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Dausa, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunun, Jodhpur, Kota, Pali, Rajsamand, Swaimadhpour, Sikar, Sirohi, Tonk & Udaipur districts. QUARTZITE  In Ajmer, Alwar, Jhunjhunun & Swaimadhpour districts

14. Silica Sand in Rajasthan Silica Sand:-It is used in manufacturing of all types of glass wares, ceramics and ceramic glazes, silicon carbide, chemicals etc. Rajasthan contributes about 14% of silica sand production in the country.

15. Quartz in Rajasthan Quartz:-It is principal raw material for glass making and ceramic industries. High quality quartz crystals are used in electronic devices, multiple telephonic system. Rajasthan accounts 8% of quartz resources in country and 18% share in production of quartz.

16. Wollastonite in Rajasthan WOLLASTONITE  Wollastonite, a metasilicate of calcium (CaSiO3), contains theoretically 48.3% CaO and 51.7% SiO2. RESOURCES  As on 1.4.2010, the resources of wollastonite, as per UNFC system are placed at 16.57 million tones.  Out of total resources, about 88% (14.58 million tons) are located in Rajasthan and the remaining about 12% resources (1.99 million tons) in Gujarat. DISTRIBUTION IN RAJASTHAN  Major deposits of wollastonite have been found in Dungarpur, Pali, Sirohi,Ajmer and Udaipur districts in Rajasthan

17. Wollastonite in Rajasthan Wollastonite: Rajasthan produces 88% of wollastonite in the country. It is used in ceramics, Mineral wool, Metallurgical fluxes, Refractory liners, Fillers & coating applications etc, now a days low grade Wollastonite is used in tiles industry.

18. Share of Rajasthan in India’s Ceramic Mineral Production S. No.Mineral/Metal% of India’s production by state 1 Wollastonite88 2 Calcite100 3Bentonite80 4Fuller's Earth74 5Feldspar63 6 Soapstone76 7Fire Clay52 8Ball Clay83 9Quartz18 10Silica Sand14 11China Clay18 {Source: IBM’s Mineral Year Book (2011-2012) }

19. Leasing Status of Ceramic & Associated Minerals The Number of leases & production of main ceramic minerals in the State during the year 2013-14 are as follow:

20. CERAMIC MINERALS CHINA CLAY FELDSPAR CALCITE QUARTZ WOLLASTONITE

21. PROSPECTS IN RAJASTHAN The State have huge resources of ceramic minerals such as quartz, felspar, silica sand, china clay, ball clay, fire clay, talc/steatite, wollastonite, pyrophyllite, etc. In view of huge natural resources of glass & ceramic minerals and man power availability, there exists a considerable scope for establishing glass and ceramic industries in the State. Most of the raw material produced from the State is transported to other states like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, etc due to unavailability of user industries in the State. China clay & ball clay based industries can be established in Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Pali, Bikaner, Nagaur, districts; silica sand based industries in Bharatpur, Bundi, Jaipur, Dausa, Karauli, Sikar, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner Districts; More Fire clay based industries in Bharatpur district are possible. Quartz and Felspar based industries in Ajmer ( Beawar, Bhinay, Kekri, Kishangarh, Masuda, Nasirabad, Ajmer, etc), Bhilwara ( Asind, Banera, Bhilawara, Mandal, Raipur, Sahara, Hurda, Jahazpur, etc), Jaipur (Bassi, Chaksu, Kotputli, Mozimabad, Phagi, Phulera, Shahpura, Viratnagar, etc) & Rajasamand districts.