1. Presented by Dr: Walaa Ahmed Al-Shareef
General Microbiology

4. Classification of Microorganism
Microorganisms are classified and identified based on the following properties:
1-Morphology
2-Staining properties
3-Fine structures
7-Phage typing
(Bacteriophage)
[Virus infect bacterial cell]
4-Nutritional and environmental requirements
8-Pyrolysis
(Fatty acid content)
5-Biochemical reaction
6-Genetic relatedness

5. DNA hybridization (Sequencing)
6- Genetic relatedness
Determination of GC%
DNA hybridization (Sequencing)

6. Bacterium (Singular) Bacteria (Plural)
Prokaryotes
If they are Friendly, called Normal flora
If they are Risky, called Pathogen
Importance of them
Digest sewage into simple chemicals
Extract Nitrogen from the air and make it available to plants for conversion to amino acid and proteins.

7. If I ask you about the properties of Bacteria what should you say:_)
If I ask you about the properties of Bacteria what should you say:_) ? Properties of Bacteria
……..karyotes
Have no Mitochondria or chloroplasts
……………..chromosome
Ribosomes??? Cell wall????
Plasma membrane (Phospholipid bilayer) but contains no Cholesterol.
Asexual reproduction (……………..)
Many bacteria form a single Spore when their food supply runs low.
If flagella are presents, they are made of the protein Flagellin

8. Classification of Bacteria
Cocci
Bacilli
spirilla
Spiral shape

9. Bacteria could be Aerobes or Anaerobes or both of them According to Energy production
Glycolysis
(anaerobes)
Cellular respiration
(aerobes)

10. Types of Bacteria Rhizobia (Soil bacteria) Sulfur bacteria
Iron bacteria
Nitrosomonans
Archaebacteria
Called Chemo-autotrophs
Oxidizes ammonia to nitrites
Methanogenic bacteria (bacteria produces methane from organic matter)
Halophilic bacteria
3) Thermo acidophilic bacteria
Fix the nitrogen in the air into compounds that can be used by living cells
(turn nitrogen gas into compounds of nitrogen that can be used by plants
Have Chlorophyll use it to convert sulfur (inorganic matter) to carbohydrates
But they don’t use light energy for this.
Called Chemo-autotrophs
Convert ferrous iron to ferric oxide (insoluble)
(brownish scale that forms inside the tanks of flush toilets)
Cell wall Pseudopeptidoglycan (archaebacteria) Peptidoglycan / Lipopolysaccharide
Cell membrane arche is L- GLYCEROL WHILE BACTERIA D- GLYCEROL
This due to this bacteria differed from true bacteria in
1)Absence of N-acetyl muramic acid in cell wall
2) Cell wall composed of protein or polysaccharides.

11. Types of Bacteria Rickettsia Chlamydia Mycoplasmas Cyanobacteria
*Are Tiny bacteria and transmitted among humans by arthropods such as (ticks and lice)
*Considered as obligatory parasites
*Cause diseases like (Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus fever)
Smaller than Rickettsia so, can’t see it by light microscope
*The smallest known bacteria
*They do not have cell wall like other bacteria
*One form of pneumonia is due to
*Known as Blue-green algae
*They are considered more closely related to bacteria than to algae because of their structural and biochemical properties.
*Are not regarded as true bacteria because they form carbohydrates in photosynthesis.

12. Fungi Yeast Protozoa Unicellular
*Eukaryotes
*Include two groups
Unicellular
(yeast and mold) *Multicellular (Mushroom)
*Play a vital role in the fermentation of wine and beer and the production of bread
*Have unicellular branched called Hypha
*The mass of Hypha called Mycelium
*Cause certain diseases like (thrush and Athlete’s foot)
*Protozoan (Singular)
*Eukaryotes
*Classified into (whip-like flagella) (hair-like cilia)
(pseudopodia-false feet)
*Large oval Eukaryotic cell
*Share with other fungi in Sexual reproduction
Thrush مرض القلاع (التهاب الفم القلاعي)

13. Ticks
Typhus fever
Athlete’s foot
Hyphae
Mycelium

14. Types of Fungi Zygomycetes sexual and asexual spores Rhizopus
Ascomycetes asexual spores Aspergillus and Penicillum
Basidiomycetes asexual spores Mushrooms
Deuteromycetes asexual sporesTrichophyton
Trichophyton
الشعروية تريشوفيتان

15. *Photosynthetic organisms (using sun energy to produce their energy)
Algae
Viruses
*Photosynthetic organisms (using sun energy to produce their energy)
*Green brown and red algae are eukaryotes
*Important source of food, iodine and other minerals
*They are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes
*They are obligatory parasites
*Consist of a fragment of DNA or RNA
*Surrounded by Capsid (to protect the viral genetic material and facilitate the attachment to the host cell)

16. Nomenclature and size relationship
Staphylococcus aureus
Genus species (strain)
This system of nomenclature is called binomial system
Size (micrometer or nanometer)

17. Thank you
Please study well :_)
Dr: Walaa Al-Shareef