1. RISK ASSESSMENT AND WORKERS PARTICIPATION
IPA Programme 2010 on HRD
Workshop Modern OSH legislation
20-22 June 2012
Tirana, Albania

2. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IPA National Programme for Albania
Overall objective
To identify the main tools for implementation of the obligations set by the EU directives
To explain what are the main steps of risk management and how they can help to
implement the principles set by the EU framework directive
Specific objectives
Use the general principles of prevention as a milestone for producing quality OSH legislation
Describe the main tools provided by the Framework Directive, particularly risk assessment and the role of workers and their representatives in OSH management

3. Principles underlying risk management
Most hazardous conditions at work are preventable
Occupational accidents and diseases can be managed
Prevention is preferred to protection
Proactive approaches are preferred to reactive approaches
Actions on the working environment are preferred to actions on individuals

4. Main duties and rights of stakeholders
Employers are the main duty-holders under OSH legislation
Their duty of care and liability for their employees is overriding duties, which means that they should take reasonable care for their worker’s safety and health in all circumstances

5. Main duties and rights of stakeholders
Workers are required to cooperate with their employer in protecting their own and third parties’ safety and health especially:
Making correct use of machinery, apparatus, tools, etc. and personal protective equipment
Following the safety procedures
Refraining from disconnecting, changing or removing arbitrarily safety devices
Informing on hazards and risks

6. Provisions of the EU framework Directive
The employer shall have a duty to ensure the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work. (Art. 5.1)
The workers' obligations in the field of safety and health at work shall not affect the principle of the responsibility of the employer. (Art. 5.3)

7. Tools provided by the EU framework Directive
Hierarchy of prevention principles
Organization of protective and preventive services
Emergency services/ designated workers
Risk assessment
Mandatory documents
Information, consultation and participation of workers and their representatives
Training
Health surveillance

8. Hazard identification
Risk management
Risk management is the sequence of sequential steps
Hazard identification
Risk assessment
Risk control

9. hazard? YES Acceptable risk? Concepts
A hazard is an agent, condition or activity with potential to cause harm that, if left uncontrolled, may adversely affect the well-being or health of exposed people
A risk is a combination of the likely severity and probability that somebody will actually be harmed by a specific hazard
Acceptable risk?

10. 1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
The process of finding and identifying hazardous agents/situations/products that could contribute to provoking an occupational accident or/and disease as well as the groups of workers potentially exposed to these hazards
MAIN OBJECTIVES
To establish what dangerous situations exist within a plant or a process operation
To establish how these dangerous situations may come about
To assist in the risk assessment and to make decisions on hazard control

11. SOURCES FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
OSH legislation, codes of practice, guidance documents provided by national and international institutions and organizations
Information from national, sectoral or enterprises statistics on the prevalent occupational accident or/and diseases and the hazards involved
Information or safety data sheets provided by manufacturers and suppliers of machinery, equipment, tools, products and substances
Information from the workers, workers’ representatives and joint OSH committee through consultations, observations, complaints, etc

12. SOURCES FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Workplace and job inspections and analysis
Review of history of accidents (including incidents and “near misses”) and occupational illnesses, accident/disease investigations and data from workers' health surveillance, undertaken in the enterprise or in other enterprises
Advice, opinions and judgment of competent internal and external OSH professionals

13. STEPS FOR HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
When possible, hazards should be identified in the planning or design of new plants or processes
Hazard identification should be documented in a consistent manner, providing useful info on:
where it is happening (environment)
who or what it is happening to (exposure)
what precipitates the hazard (trigger)
the outcome that would occur should it happen (consequence); and,
any other contributing factors

14. 2. RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk assessment is the process of estimation and evaluation of all the risks associated with each hazard identified
The risk associated with a hazard is a combination of:
the severity of the harm (CONSEQUENCES) and
the probability (LIKELIHOOD) that the event will occur.

15. Risk assessment: an example of how to do it (i)
A possible technique includes 5 steps:
1st step: Estimate the probability of each hazard – previously identified – according to its likelihood of occurrence (very likely; likely; quite possible; possible; not likely) and assign the quantitative value accordingly.
2nd step: Estimate the severity of each hazard according to its potential of the harm (very high, high; moderate; slight; nil) and assign the quantitative value accordingly.

16. 25 20 15 10 16 12 8 9 6 Severity Probability RISK ASSESSMENT GRID
3rd step: Once the probability and the severity of the hazard is
determined, by multiplying these two factors, a range of risk ratings
between 1 and 25 will be obtained
Severity
Probability
Very high 5
High 4
Moderate 3
Slight 2
Nil 1
Very likely 25 20 15 10
Likely 16 12 8
Quite possible 9
Possible 6
Not likely
RISK ASSESSMENT GRID

17. Risk assessment: an example of how to do it (iii)
4th step: Risk evaluation, criterion of actions:
Urgent situation (20 to 25) requires action immediately
High-risk situations (10 to 16) require action in the short and medium-term
Medium-risk situations (5 to 9) require action or further evaluation within an appropriate period
Low-risk situations (less than 5) may require relatively little or no action
5th step: After the comparison with the criterion for action, the risks are assigned a priority for risk control through the use of a risk rating

18. 3. RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Risk control is the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a hazard. It includes three operations:
Decision-making
Implementation
Monitoring

19. 3. RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL Control hierarchy
International standards Framework EU Directive
Elimination or substitution of hazards
Reducing hazards through good design
Technical and engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Avoid risks
Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
Combat risks at source
Adapt work to the worker
Adapt to technical progress
Replace dangerous by non or less dangerous
Develop coherent and systemic prevention policy
Preference to collective protection
Inform workers

20. 3. RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL1 3
COLECTIVE PROTECTION
ELIMINATION 2 4 5
PPE
SUBSTITUTION
ORGANIZATION

21. 3. RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL Implementation
Implementation should be nominated providing adequate resources and a reasonable timeframe
Information to the workforce on:
Information on any new control measures implemented and how to use them
Any emergency procedures developed
The employees duties

22. RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL Implementation
Monitoring: Ensures that measures are being implemented. Specially important when:
personal protective equipment
administrative or technical and engineering controls
Review: Ensures that the assessment is still effective in reducing risk.

23. RISK MANAGEMENT FLOW 1. Assemble assessment team
2. Visit site, and identify
hazards
3. Evaluate severity of hazard (1 - 5)
4. Evaluate likelihood of occurrence (1 - 5)
5. Combine severity + likelihood values to express RISK (1 - 25)

24. RISK MANAGEMENT FLOW 6. Compare rating with a criterion 7. Assign
priorities
8. Implement
Controls.
Control
Hierarchy.
9. Information
to the workers
10. Monitoring
and review

25. EXAMPLE No. 1

26. EXAMPLE No. 2
A company in Denmark specializes in the manufacture of off-site bathroom units for hotels. The units are absolutely complete when they leave the factory, and are transported by road to the site.

27. WORKERS PARTICIPATIOn
Articles 10 to 12 Framework Directive

28. DIFFERENT LEVELS
INFORMATION
TRAINING
CONSULTATION
Involvement of
workers and workers
representatives

29. DIFFERENT TARGET GROUPS (ART. 10 Directive 89/391)
a) Workers/ representatives
Obligation of the employer to provide to workers and their representatives
information on:
risks, preventive and protective measures in respect of the workplace and each type of occupation and workstation
Measures for first aid, fire-fighting, evacuation of workers and workers designated to implement it
Includes persons working for other employers in the same workplace

30. DIFFERENT TARGET GROUPS (ART. 10 Directive 89/391)
b) Workers/ representatives with specific OSH functions
For workers with specific functions on OSH or workers’ representatives with OSH responsabilities:
Risk assessment results
Protective measures implemented or to implement
List of occupational accidents
Reports on occupational accidents

31. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION (ART. 10 Directive 89/391)
Principle: workers and representatives shall be consulted and have the right to make proposals
Workers and workers representatives with specific OSH responsibilities will take part or be consulted in advance and in good time with regard to:
any measure which may substantially affect safety and health
the designation of workers to carry out OSH activities and emergency actions
information on risk assessment and other to be provided to workers
enlistment of external services or persons to conduct OSH activities
planning and organization of OSH training for workers
Workers representatives with specific OSH responsibilities can ask for/ suggest appropriate measures
These representatives are to be given time off work, without loss of pay and receive from the employer means to enable them to fulfill their mandate. They can submit observations during inspection visits and appeal to the authorities

32. OSH management systems: a tool
A tool for implementation of OSH provisions

33. ILO Guidelines on OSH Management Systems (2001)
CHARACTERISTICS
Voluntary
Management tool
Aims to provide guidance at national level and company level\
Specific for the organization

34. ILO Guidelines on OSH Management Systems (2001)
A progressive and continual process of:
Developing OS&H policy
Organizing to implement the policy
Planning and taking OS&H actions
Monitoring and evaluating the results
Taking further action for continual improvement