1. What If We All Drove Electric Vehicles?
Dr Allan Miller
Director, Electric Power Engineering Centre

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Image from Wikipedia

3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Holden Volt (2011)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)
Image from carsguide.com

4. Full Electric Vehicle (FEV/BEV/EV)
Nissan Leaf (2010)
Tesla Model S (2012)
Tesla Roadster (2008)
Mitsubishi i-Miev (2005)
Image from autocarpix.com

5. Diffusion of Innovations
0.015% of NZ’s population own PHEVs or BEVs
0.02% of NZ’s light vehicle fleet are PHEVs or BEVs

6. What If We All Drove EVs? EV history and technology
Environmental aspects
Impact on the grid
Skills need

7. What If We All Drove EVs? EV history and technology
Environmental aspects
Impact on the grid
Skills need

8. Electric Motors 2015 George Westinghouse 1890 1821 Michael Faraday
Westinghouse 300HP induction motor
George Westinghouse
1890
Rotating wire by Faraday, 1821  Photo courtesy of Division of Work & Industry, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
1821
Michael Faraday
A model of Tesla's first induction motor, in Tesla Museum, Belgrade
1887
Nikola Tesla
1840
Thomas Davenport

11. Electric Vehicles – History

12. 1908: Model T Ford, petrol powered
1911: Thomas Edison
1900: Lohner-Porsche
1898: Porsche P1
1908: Model T Ford, petrol powered
1912: Electric starter for petrol cars (Kettering)

13. Energy Density of Petrol DC Batteries & Control
100kg
Energy Density of Petrol DC Batteries & Control
1kg
Petrol
Li-ion Battery
Ratio (Petrol/Li-ion)
Wh/kg
12,000
120
100
Wh/litre
9,000
350 26

14. Will Batteries Improve? Pace of Change of Technology
EPECentre Newsletter ( 12,000 characters
16kB
64kB
128GB
Digital Technology
2 Million x
Doubles every 18 months
24kWh
Battery Technology
11 x
Doubles every 10 years
1980
2015
Images from Wikipedia & telegraph.co.uk

15. Silicon Technology & Power Electronics

16. What are the Advantages of the EV?

17. What are the Advantages of the EV?
Efficiency
(%)
ICE 20 EV 95

18. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
ICE 20
200 EV 95 60

19. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
ICE 20
200 No EV 95 60
Yes

20. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
Running Cost
($/month)
ICE 20
200 No
$240 EV 95 60
Yes
$40

21. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
Running Cost
($/month)
ICE 20
200 No
$240 EV 95 60
Yes
$40
Range
(km)
ICE
~700 EV

22. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
Running Cost
($/month)
ICE 20
200 No
$240 EV 95 60
Yes
$40
Range
(km)
Refill / Charge Time
(minutes)
ICE
~700
~10 minutes EV
~30-90 minutes fast charge

23. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
Running Cost
($/month)
ICE 20
200 No
$240 EV 95 60
Yes
$40
Range
(km)
Refill / Charge Time
(minutes)
Purchase Price
ICE
~700
~10 minutes
~$30,000 EV
~30-90 minutes fast charge
$40,000

24. Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Efficiency
(%)
Motor & Transmission Weight (kg)
Re-generation
Running Cost
($/month)
ICE 20
200 No
$240 EV 95 60
Yes
$40
Range
(km)
Refill / Charge Time
(minutes)
Purchase Price
ICE
~700
~10 minutes
~$30,000 EV
~30-90 minutes fast charge
$40,000
Environmental

25. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Image from Wikipedia

26. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Holden Volt (2011)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)
Image from carsguide.com

27. Full Electric Vehicle (FEV/BEV/EV)
Nissan Leaf (2010)
Tesla Model S (2012)
Tesla Roadster (2008)
Mitsubishi i-Miev (2005)
Image from autocarpix.com

28. What If We All Drove EVs? EV history and technology
Environmental aspects
Impact on the grid
Skills need

29. New Zealand’s Electricity Generation 80% Renewable
Hydro (58%)
Wind (5%)
Thermal (19%)
Geothermal (16%)

30. Average GHG Emissions from Residential Electricity Use
Of CO2e gas emitted per kWh of electricity used by households in New Zealand
80%
142g
Renewable energy powering the New Zealand grid in 2014

31. New Zealand’s GHG Emissions76
Tonnes of greenhouse gases emitted by New Zealand in 2012
million

33. 12%
of NZ’s GHGs from light passenger transport

34. What If We Converted to EVs?50
100
150
200
250
Netherlands
Iceland
Estonia
Sweden
Japan
Switzerland
Norway
USA
Australia
China
New Zealand UK
Vehicle Emissions (gCO2e / km)
Reduction in average vehicle emissions achievable by switching to EVs in NZ
85%
Average Fleet Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Electric Vehicles

35. 740,000 EVs 43% of EVs EVs World Wide World wide to end of 2014
PHEVs and BEVs as a % of vehicles
43% of EVs
Bought in 2014

36. What if we all Drove Electric Vehicles? Environmental Issues
Embodied Energy (& GHGs)
Supply of Minerals and Rare Earth Metals

37. What If We All Drove EVs? EV history and technology
Environmental aspects
Impact on the grid
Skills need

38. Impact on the Grid? Energy requirements Power demand (Power Quality)
New Technologies

39. 90% of daily trips are within the range of an modern BEV Average daily trip distance is ~30km
CAENZ, Electric Vehicles Impacts on New Zealand’s Electricity System, December 2010

40. How Much Energy is Required?
Would require a 54MW geothermal power station
10% EVs
50% EVs
Would require a 270MW geothermal power station
330MW
Geothermal consented
2,900MW
Wind consented

41. What About Electricity Demand?

42. Max & Min Demand Load Profiles
Top 116MW of load present for 0.1% of the year
1.2% of installed capacity
At $1.5M per MW for a GT
~$200M to meet 8.5 hours of load!
3 July 2014
2 January 2014

43. What About Electricity Demand?
10% EVs
Could require 810MW capacity increase
50% EVs
Could require a 4,000MW capacity increase

44. CHAdeMO 45kW DC fast charger
32 Amp charging point
8 Amp, standard 3-pin plug
(European IEC Type 2)

46. New Technologies

47. What If We All Drove EVs? EV history and technology
Environmental aspects
Impact on the grid
Skills need

48. EPECentre Mission
Promote and support the education of power engineers and the study of power engineering as a field of excellence in New Zealand
Conduct research of excellence in electric power engineering that meets industry's research needs

49. Electric Power Engineering Education
In our first 12 years
Over 120 undergraduate scholarships
30 post graduate scholarships
Conducted South Island and North Island field trips with members
Training engineers for New Zealand industry

50. Teaching Power Electronics

51. Assessing Power Electronics

52. Secondary Enrolment Trend
Zen and the Art of Engineering Education (

53. NCEA Electrical Systems Guide (www.epecentre.ac.nz)

54. New EPECentre Scholarship

56. What If We All Drove EVs? 12% reduction in NZ’s GHGs
Air quality improvements
Plenty planned generation
Need smart grid to manage generation and distribution capacity
Increase energy independence
Reduce expenditure on foreign oil
Lithium and Neodymium supplies?
Existing vehicle fleet?

57. What If We All Drove EVs? Feel Good Factor

58. What If We All Drove EVs? Questions

59. A comparison of the key characteristics of different batteries used in EVs

60. A comparison of lithium-ion battery chemistries used in electric vehicles

62. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Full Electric Vehicle
(FEV/BEV/EV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)
Tesla Model S (2012)
Tesla Roadster (2008)
Nissan Leaf (2010)
Mitsubishi Miev (2005)

63. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Full Electric Vehicle
(FEV/BEV/EV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i3 & i8
Tesla Model S
Tesla Roadster
Nissan Leaf
Mitsubishi Miev

64. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Full Electric Vehicle
(FEV/BEV/EV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Tesla Model S
Tesla Roadster
Nissan Leaf
Mitsubishi Miev
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)

65. Full Electric Vehicle (FEV/BEV/EV) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)
Tesla Model S (2012)
Tesla Roadster (2008)
Nissan Leaf (2010)
Mitsubishi Miev (2005)

66. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
Full Electric Vehicle
(FEV/BEV/EV)
Toyota Prius (1997)
Honda Insight (1999)
Mitsubishi Outlander (2013)
BMW i8 (2013)
Tesla Model S (2012)
Tesla Roadster (2008)
Nissan Leaf (2010)
Mitsubishi Miev (2005)

67. The storage battery is, in my opinion, a catchpenny, a sensation, a mechanism for swindling the public by stock companies. The storage battery is one of those peculiar things which appeals to the imagination, and no more perfect thing could be desired by stock swindlers than that very selfsame thing. …
Just as soon as a man gets working on the secondary battery it brings out the latent capacity for lying, … Scientifically, storage is all right, but, commercially, as absolute a failure as one can imagine.
Thomas Edison

68. Model S, Tesla Motors Power electronics
Fixed ratio gear and differential
290kW AC induction motor

70. Batteries

73. Types of Electric Vehicles

74. Nissan 2L engine & transmission: 200kg
Nissan leaf engine, inverter, charger, and fixed ratio gearbox: 60kg

76. Percentage Occurrence
Load Duration Curve 2014
The top 17 half hour trading periods
All over 6,192MW
Represents 0.1% of the year (8.5 hours)
6,192 to 6,308MW
I.e. 116MW is required to meet load present for <8.5 hours
At $1.5M per MW for a GT
~$200M to meet 8.5 hours of load!
Demand (GW)
Percentage Occurrence

77. Choice Modelling

78. Motivations of those who decide to purchase EVs (from Interviews)
Environmental
includes fossil fuel dependence reduction
Economic
low running costs
Innovators
interested in new technologies

79. Barriers (from those who rejected)
Charging and range
Battery technology
Few models
Brand, Aesthetics & Comfort
“Basically, you have to plug them up quite a bit and you don’t get to go to Queenstown or Christchurch and back without having to go through some [charging]. I think the mainstream ones you get are hybrids which are damn ugly and boring and there’s only a few types that I’m aware of and they just don’t appeal to me at all.”

80. In-line (10 A) AC
JuicePoint (32 A)
CHAdeMO
(approx. 45 kW) DC

81. In Line Charger Impact on Distribution Network

82. Electric Motors 2015 George Westinghouse 1890 1821 Michael Faraday
Westinghouse 300HP induction motor
George Westinghouse
1890
Rotating wire by Faraday, 1821  Photo courtesy of Division of Work & Industry, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
1821
Michael Faraday
A model of Tesla's first induction motor, in Tesla Museum, Belgrade
1887
Nikola Tesla
1840
Thomas Davenport

83. 0.015% of NZ’s population own PHEVs or EVs
Focus on PHEVs and BEVs
switch to electricity & lower GHG emissions
0.015% of NZ’s population own PHEVs or EVs
0.02% of NZ’s light vehicle fleet are PHEVs or EVs

84. Electric Motors 2015 George Westinghouse 1890 1821 Michael Faraday
Westinghouse 300HP induction motor
George Westinghouse
1890
Rotating wire by Faraday, 1821  Photo courtesy of Division of Work & Industry, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
1821
Michael Faraday
A model of Tesla's first induction motor, in Tesla Museum, Belgrade
1887
Nikola Tesla
1840
Thomas Davenport