Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Sections of a Scientific Report
Aims and Objectives To examine psychological report writing. To understand the wider connection of psychological report writing. To understand the essential ingredients of psychological report writing. Preps part A and B due Friday 11/1/19
2
Sections of a Psychology Report
Why is it written? What is in it? Title Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Appendices
3
This is given to help the reader know the topic.
Title This is given to help the reader know the topic. It includes the IV and DV where possible. DV IV
4
ABSTRACT This is presented at the beginning of a report and summarises the research. It outlines the aim, method, participants, results and discussion and is very useful when deciding if you want to read the entire article.
5
Introduction This part of the report is used to give some context about the area of research the study is in and any key developments in explaining the behaviour of interest. Usually this part will also explain the rationale for this specific piece of research and why it will further research in this area.
6
Method This is a step-by-step set of instructions about how you will carry out your research and should be clear enough that another person could replicate your procedure in exactly the same way. This means having precise timings and measurements that include the design, apparatus, participants and the procedure itself.
7
RESULTS
8
RESULTS Psychologists need to draw a table to put in input all of the raw data, this is the actual scores/answers taken from each participant. The next step will be to calculate some descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range)
9
Tables/ Graphs Psychologists could display the results via a bar chart, histogram, pie chart scatter gram..
10
RESULTS Next step is an inferential statistic such as: Chi-squared Mann Whitney T-Test Spearman's Rho Binomial
11
Inferential Statistics
Psychologists use an inferential statistic in their results. This will allow them to accept/reject the null hypothesis, and thus reject/accept the experimental / alternative hypothesis (this means the directional or non-directional hypothesis).
12
DISCUSSION This section refers back to the rationale of the study and explains what progress the research has made in its field, if any. Further to this any criticisms of the study will be presented here along with suggestions for future research.
13
DISCUSSION
14
References Referencing is a bit like tagging your friends when you add pictures of them on social media sites. By you tagging your friends, you are acknowledging your friends in the photographs.
15
References Referencing is a similar process only that when you access other psychologists research, studies or literature, it is good manners to acknowledge researchers in your work.
16
References It is the Introduction and Discussion sections of your report that you will need to acknowledge researchers’ theories, studies or models.
17
References Another reason why this is important is when research is referenced – it is a way of thanking the author for using their research to help their research.
18
References Lastly, by referencing, it allows others to access your references so readers can read the referenced articles
19
References This is a record of all the sources of information the researcher/s have used such as books or journal articles. Cardwell, M. Flanagan, C. (2004) Psychology The Complete Companion. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Baker, J. Bezance, J. Zellaby, E. Aggleton, J. (2004) Chewing gum can produce context-dependent effects upon memory. [online] Page 1, 2, 3. Available from: [Accessed on 4/3/09]
20
Appendices (plural of appendix)
This section is used to include any further information or analyses that may be of use to the reader and will be referred to in the article. Stimulus sheets (word lists etc.) Consent form Debrief sheet Standard instruction sheet Calculations (statistics) References.
21
Peer Review Before being published
it is reviewed by experts in the same field They ensure it has been carried out appropriately and is of a high quality They ensure it has been carried out appropriately and is of a high quality; if it is not then they can reject it and journals will not publish the work Peer Review
22
Sections of a Scientific Report
23
Sections of a Scientific Report
Abstract This is presented at the beginning of a report and summarises the research. It outlines the aim, method, participants, results and discussion and is very useful when deciding if you want to read the entire article. Introduction This part of the report is used to give some context about the area of research the study is in and any key developments in explaining the behaviour of interest. Usually this part will also explain the rationale for this specific piece of research and why it will further research in this area. Method This is a step-by-step set of instructions about how you will carry out your research and should be clear enough that another person could replicate your procedure in exactly the same way. This means having precise timings and measurements that include the design, sample, materials/ apparatus and the procedure itself. Results This section of the report will firstly present the raw data and give a written summary of this along with descriptive statistics. Further to graphical representations inferential statistics will be presented and the outcome of rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis will be outlined. Discussion This section refers back to the rationale of the study and explains what progress the research has made in its field, if any. Further to this any criticisms of the study will be presented here along with suggestions for future research. References This is a record of all the sources of information the researcher/s have used such as books or journal articles. Appendices This section is used to include any further information or analyses that may be of use to the reader and will be referred to in the article.
24
For your chosen section of the scientific report, explain WHY yours is the most important part
25
In your pairs / 3s, put the sections of a scientific report into order
26
The Harvard Referencing System
Referencing is a bit like tagging your friends when you add pictures of them on social media sites. By you tagging your friends, you are acknowledging your friends in the photographs. There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
27
The Harvard Referencing System
Referencing is a similar process only that when you access other psychologists research, studies or literature, it is academic convention to acknowledge researchers in your work. It is the Introduction and Discussion sections of your report that you will need to acknowledge researchers’ theories, studies or models. There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
28
The Harvard Referencing System
Another reason why this is important is when research is referenced – it is a way of you thanking the author for using their research to help construct the purpose of your research. Additionally, by referencing, you are allowing others to access your references so readers can read the referenced articles. There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
29
The Harvard Referencing System
Most importantly, doing this protects you against plagiarism – one of the most common mistakes that students can get penalised for not referencing. The message – be extremely careful when referencing literature in your academic work. The most common referencing method is Harvard Referencing. There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
30
The Harvard Referencing System
Referencing a book Who, When, What, Where & By Whom Darwin, C. (1972) The Origin of Species. London: Dent. General format for journal articles: Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. (Year) Title of article, Journal Title, Volume (Part), Pages Wong, S. T. and Goodin, S. (2009) Overcoming drug resistance in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Pharmacotherapy, 29 (2), Websites: include the date accessed (Accessed 16/03/2009) There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
31
The Harvard Referencing System
There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
32
The Harvard Referencing System
Grant, H. M., Lane, C. Bredahl, J. C., Clay. J., Ferrie, J., Groves, J. E., McDorman, T. A. & Dark, V. J. (1998) Context dependent memory for meaningful material: Information for students. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, (6), 617–623. Sperry, R. W. (1968) Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. American Psychologist, 23, 723–733. There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
33
The Harvard Referencing System
Reference the book on your desk There are lots of different ways to reference – choose one style and stick to it throughout your project. One good easy to follow style that is commonly used is the “Harvard system” This is an example of how you would reference something you have used from a book. This uses the AUTHOR, DATE method as shown in the example above for the CITATION in the body text. In the bibliography at the end of the essay/report, the following information is given Who wrote it (Author name) When was it written (Year) What was written (Title of the book) Where and by whom was it published (Publishers name and city)
34
Harvard Referencing: Starter Task
Who When What Where it is published and by whom When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
35
Harvard Referencing: Compiling a Citation
Answers 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
36
Harvard Referencing …is a way of …other peoples’ ideas and work. You do this through a …in the text of your writing and a (reference) at the end of your work. The citation within the text of your work is brief … and the year. The … is a list of … that you have cited or … to help improve your understanding of the topic. The format of the Harvard referencing is who, … what was written – …, where it was .. and by whom. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
37
Peer Review Publication is the goal of any research. Unless other people know of the research it is not useful. Typically research is first published in journals, these are stored in yearly volumes and they form a permanent scientific record. When we read the research that has been published in journals we need to know that it is of good quality and hasn’t simply been made up. In order to achieve this, research goes through a system of peer review. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
38
Peer Review The system begins with the research paper being submitted to a journal for consideration for publication. The editor of the journal examines the topic and sends the paper to other psychologists who are experts in the field. Their critical appraisal of the work is returned with recommendations about suitability for publication. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
39
Peer Review To ensure high standards are maintained, the editor will either accept the research for publication, or suggest revisions should be made before resubmitting it or they may decide to reject the research altogether. Peer review acts as a control mechanism only allowing only high quality research to appear in the public domain. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
40
Using your prep research, fill in this page
When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
41
Attainment (the grades you get) Not a good way of measuring
When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address. Doesn’t prove there is something wrong with you Lack of knowledge
42
Peer Review Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s].
When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
43
Peer Review Production bias
Although all psychologists try to objective, a reviewer may favour an opposing view making them less likely to provide an unbiased view. File drawer phenomenon It can be argued that science is conservative and resistant to large changes and so peer review could act to maintain the status quo. As such results that do not fit in with current knowledge may be rejected. Objectivity This can take a variety of forms; gender bias (favouring the work of one gender), institution bias (favouring one institution’s work over another) or that the reviewer may have a different viewpoint from the researcher. Preserving the status quo This is where the peer review tends to favour positive results and as such those pieces of research where the null hypothesis has been supported, have been found to be rejected or ‘filed in the draw’. This leads to an unrepresentative view of the findings. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
44
Designing your own Research
In Paper 1 section B (research design and response), you will be required to design your own investigation, from a novel source provided. In order to do well in this part of the exam it is essential that you apply knowledge from your own practical activities When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
45
Designing your own Research
self-report (e.g. colour and car choice, pet ownership) observation (e.g. viewing Facebook profile pictures, observing bad X factor auditions) experiment (e.g. Kim’s Game, ruler drop test) and correlation (e.g. height and shoe size). When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
46
Designing your own Research
You will be given a 12 or 15-mark question. You will be a given a scenario asking you to plan an investigation. The question will also ask you to refer to 3 or 4 required features within your answer. These could come from any part of the research methods content that you have learnt and could refer to the type of investigation, sampling method, experimental design, controls, ethics, reliability, validity, or even data analysis. When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
47
How to Do Well on these Questions?
Identifying each of the required Features (from each of the bullet points) Explaining (how you would be doing this – enough for replication) in context (using the unique words of the story) Justifying (why it is right to do here) referring to Own research (to show a similarity / experience) When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
48
Designing your own Research
Feature (from each of the bullet points) Explained (how you would be doing this – enough for replication) in context (using the unique words of the story) Justified (why it is right to do here) referring to Own research (to show a similarity) When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
49
Feature Explained in Context Justified Own research
Practice Question: Explain how you would carry out a self-report to investigate the effects of Facebook use. You must refer to: • a questionnaire or an interview • open or closed questions • how you may check the reliability of responses You should use your own experience of carrying out an experiment to inform your response. Justify your decisions as part of your explanation. 12 marks Feature Explained in Context Justified Own research Why was this so good. What have they done well? When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
50
Feature Explained in Context Justified Own research
Why was this so good? What have they done well? When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
51
Feature (from each of the bullet points)
Explain how you would investigate … (AIM). You must refer to: * Each of the bullet points You should use your own experience of research to inform your response. Justify your decisions as part of your explanation. 15 marks Feature (from each of the bullet points) Explained (how you would be doing this – enough for replication) in Context (using the unique words of the story) Justified (why it is right to do here) referring to Own research (to show a similarity) When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
52
Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s].
When referencing a website or a journal article, the principles are the same as for a book, you just have to put in some other information.. For a journal article, in the body text, you would cite the author and the date. In the bibliography, you also need to give the following information. Who wrote it- Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. When was it written - Year What was written - Title of article, Where was it published –Journal title Where can I find it in the journal – Volume of the journal, part number, page number An example is given above. For a website, you should list the web address as your citation and then again in your bibliography, list the web address and the date that you accessed the website. If the website has a title, for example – Cancer Research UK website, you can also write this down next to the web address.
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.