1. Prepared by:
Dr. Michael Solomonov, DDS

2. The openings always ended short of the apices by 0. 20-3. 80mm
The openings always ended short of the apices by mm. Gutierrez and Ayuayo 1995.

7. No exact distance from the radiographic apex can be given, because the distance from the radiographic apex to the apical constriction varies widely from tooth to tooth.
Langeland.

10. Deviation of the root canal from the long axes of the root is recognizable on the radiograph only when the foramen ends on the mesial or distal aspect of the root.
When the foramen ends on the buccal or lingual aspect it is not possible to recognize it radiographically.
Gutierrez and Aguayo 1995.