1. Unit 3 Test Review Evolution and Classification

2. Vocabulary
Adaptation – The evolution of features that make a group of organisms better suited to live and reproduce in their environment. Autotrophic – An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms. Co-evolution – The mutual influence on the evolution of two different species interacting with each other and influencing each other's adaptations. Eukaryotic – An organism whose cells contain organelles and whose DNA is enclosed in a cell nucleus.

3. In-Group – a group of closely related organisms found on a cladogram
In-Group – a group of closely related organisms found on a cladogram. Out-Group – an organism or organisms that are different than the others and are set on outlying branches of a cladogram. Prokaryotic – A type of cell lacking a nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles. Species – Organisms that possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed. Vestigial Structure – A type of homologous structure that is rudimentary and of marginal or no use to the organism (useless).

4. Binomial Nomenclature
Definition: two name naming system. Genus & species What are the rules for it? Latin grammar, capitalize first letter of genus, species written in italics. What does it tell us about an organism? Genus = general description of the organism; species = specific description of the organism. Example: Canis familiaris (domestic dogs)

5. Compare mutation, natural selection, and evolution
Compare mutation, natural selection, and evolution. What makes them different?
Mutation: happens quickly in the DNA of individuals. Natural Selection: happens over a lifetime when organisms with a certain mutation are the best fit to reproduce in their environment. Evolution: happens over many years when populations of organisms, having a certain mutation, become specially adapted to their environment. Leads to new species.

6. Draw examples for analogous and homologous structures.

7. Identify three reasons that the classification of an organism may not be the same in 50 years.
Technology improves giving us more information.
New organisms are being discovered.
Organisms change an evolve.

8. List the six kingdoms and briefly describe an example of each.
Eubacteria – true bacteria / prokaryotic /single cell / have RNA / auto Archaea – extremophiles / prokaryotic /single cell / have DNA / auto Protista – microscopic protists / single cell / autotrophic & heterotropic Fungi – mushrooms & fungus / multicellular / heterotrophic Plantae – plants / multicellular / autotrophic Animalia – animals / multicellular / heterotrophic

9. List the six premises for natural selection.
Enormous spans of time are available.
Biotic potential.
Limiting factors.
Hereditary traits.

10. List the taxonomic hierarchy in order from general to most specific.
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

11. List the three domains and give an example of an organism in each.

12. Name and describe three hypothesis for how life might have started on the early Earth.
Primordial Soup – the surface of early oceans were full of biomolecules that randomly came together to form the first cells. Hydrothermal Vents – the first cells came together in the deep sea near underwater volcanoes. Panspermia – amino acids and other biomolecules were brought to Earth by meteors and comets.

13. Compare these types of speciation by giving an example of each.
Temporal (time) – trees that only flower in the spring. Habitat (location) – animals who live on different islands. Anatomical (body) – mismatched body parts. Behavioral (actions) – birds who sing to attract a mate.

14. What benefit does sexual selection have in terms of natural selection?
Asexual reproduction just produces a nearly exact copy of the parent with almost no chance of mutations. Sexual reproduction combines the DNA of two individuals creating not just a new individual but mutations that may be new to the population.

15. What does resistance mean in terms of co-evolution
What does resistance mean in terms of co-evolution? Give an example of resistance as it relates to co-evolution.
Co-evolved resistance means that over just a few generations, one species develops the mutations necessary to fight off, or resist another species, chemical, or behavior, that has previously caused it harm. Examples include antibiotic resistance, herbicide resistance, and pesticide resistance.

16. What is Charles Darwin famous for and what work did he study to come up with his big idea?
Darwin is famous for his work on the Galapagos Islands where he studied many species including finches. In his book On the Origin of Species he explained how natural selection worked.

17. Earth’s Geologic Time Scale
What is it? The history of the Earth How long is it? 4.6 billion years (as long as the Earth has been around) How do we know if we weren’t there? Geologic evidence from fossils.

18. What is the purpose of behaviors to attract mates?
Potential mates are attracted to others of their species who are bigger, faster, showier or fight winning. If an organism has these characteristics, they are perceived as being stronger or more fit. Better able to gather resources and survive. If the parents are strong, the offspring will most likely be strong.