1. Participles

2. Mr. Jacobs, what is a participle?
Participles are verbal adjectives
modify nouns in case, number, & gender
Participles retain verbal qualities
have tenses
can take objects
Latin has four participles

3. Present Active Participle: Formation & Translation
Like anything called “present”, the present active stem is needed first.
Notice the nominative and genitive forms resemble a 3rd declension adj. (e.g. potens, potentis). Present participles will act similarly.
An easy way to recognize the present participle is the nt in the stem.
Present participles = action occurring at the
same time as the main verb’s tense

4. portō portā re portāvī portātus porta ns = carrying… porta ntis
Let’s try this out.
portō
portā re
portāvī
portātus
PRESENT STEM
porta ns
= carrying…
Nom.
porta
ntis
Gen.

5. videō vidē re vīdī vīsus vide ns = seeing… vide ntis
Let’s try some more.
videō
vidē re
vīdī
vīsus
PRESENT STEM
vide ns
= seeing…
Nom.
vide
ntis
Gen.

6. mittō mitte re mīsī missus mitte ns = sending… mitte ntis
Let’s keep going.
mittō
mitte re
mīsī
missus
PRESENT STEM
mitte ns
= sending…
Nom.
Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem vowel for 3rd conjugation does not need to be adjusted
mitte
ntis
Gen.

7. faciō fac ere fēcī factus facie ns = making… facie ntis
Repetita iuvant!
faciō
fac
ere
fēcī
factus
PRESENT STEM
facie ns
= making…
Nom.
Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses).
facie
ntis
Gen.

8. audiō aud īre audīvī audītus audie ns = hearing… audie ntis
The last one.
audiō
aud
īre
audīvī
audītus
PRESENT STEM
audie ns
= hearing…
Nom.
Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses).
audie
ntis
Gen.

9. Exemplī Grātiā The boy, seeing his dog, smiled.
Puer videns canem rīsit.
Brutus was a leader of the men conspiring to kill Caesar.
Brutus erat dux virōrum coniurantium interficere Caesarem.
They gave money to gladiators fighting in the arena.
Pecūniam gladiātōribus pugnantibus in amphitheātrō dedērunt.

10. Exemplī Grātiā
I watched the men playing games.
Virōs lūdentēs lūdōs spectāvī.
She took food from the crying baby.
Cibum ab infante lacrimantī ea cēpit.
N.B. - In English, in order to avoid confusion and death, it is important to keep the participle near the noun, which it describes. A misplaced participle is called a dangling participle.

12. Perfect Passive Participle
When you hear the words “perfect” and “passive” together, go immediately to the fourth principal part of the verb
The PPP is the 4th principal part of the verb; no change is needed. It is a 1st/2nd decl. adj.
It is translated with (having been) verbed
Perfect participles = action occurring before the tense of the main verb

13. amō, amāre, amāvī,
= (having been) loved
amātus, -a, -um
teneō, tenēre, tenuī,
= (having been) held
tentus, -a, -um
pōnō, ponere, posuī,
= (having been) placed
positus, -a, -um
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī,
= (having been) found
inventus, -a, -um

14. Exemplī Grātiā
The laws, (having been) written on twelve tablets, were placed in the forum.
Legēs scriptae in tabulīs duodecim in Forō positae sunt.
Aeneas, (having been) warned by Mercury, sailed from Carthage.
Aeneas, ā Mercuriō monitus, Carthagine navigāvit.

15. Future Active Participle
To begin form this participle, first take the stem of the PPP
Then add –urus, –a, -um
Translate with “going to” or “about to”
Future participles = action occurring after the tense of the main verb

16. amāt ūr us, -a, -um = going to like tent ūr us, -a, -um
Stem of
PPP
Sign of Fut. Act. Participle
amāt ūr
us, -a, -um
= going to like
tent ūr
us, -a, -um
= about to hold
posit
us, -a, -um ūr
= going to place
invent ūr
us, -a, -um
= about to find

17. Exemplī Grātiā
The consuls, about to write the laws, will go to the forum.
Cōnsulēs scriptūrī lēgēs ad forum ibunt.
Mercury, about to warn Aeneas, will fly to Carthage.
Mercurius monitūrus Aenean Carthāginem volābit.