1. The Influence of Family on Developing a Lifestyle
Chapter 4
The Influence of Family on Developing a Lifestyle
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Definition
A basic human social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members.
This commitment includes a responsibility for the physical and emotional well-being and successful development of the children in that family
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. Family Structure
Nuclear- do not see much; parents have to work, dad may not be around as much, more single parent homes, children expected to be more independent at earlier ages
Extended
Single parent
Foster parent
Alternative
Dual career
Blended
Polygamous
Homosexual
Cohabitation
See Table 4-1.

4. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Dual-Career Families
Both parents work outside the home.
Now common in the United States.
Conflicting demands among work responsibilities, continuing education for career advancement, and the demands of childrearing
See Box 4-1.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. Effect of Family on Growth and Development of the Child
Box 4-1 Ten Potential Challenges in Dual-Career Families
1. Need for child-care arrangements.
2. Time to participate in children's activities.
3. Time to support and encourage academic achievements.
4. Time to support and encourage peer interaction.
5. Time for child-focused family activities.
6. Need for close scheduling and travel away from home on the part of family members.
7. Lack of energy for home and child-care activities.
8. Difficulty with unexpected illness or injury management.
9. Increased need for child to self manage.
10. Maintaining healthy nutrition options at mealtimes.
See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.

6. Effect of Family on Growth and Development of the Child
Size of Family-older children can help younger children grasp language skills, but first born will usually have a better grasp of language skills because of interaction with parents
Spacing of Siblings-siblings do better with less than 4 years age difference; will provide support and help to guide in social interaction
Divorce-Table 4-2 Responses to Divorce by Age Group
Stepchildren and Foster Children
Chronic Illness-need to identify family strengths and coping skills so a comprehensive plan of care can be developed and implemented
Use of Child-Care Services
See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.

7. Understanding Families Through Theories
Family Systems Theory-based on family interconnectedness, with the understanding that what happens to one family member affects the entire family
The Family Apgar-a tool to assess family function-by G. Smilkstein
Adaptation—Sharing of resources and helping of family members.
Partnership—Lines of communication and participation of family members.
Growth—How responsibilities are shared among family members.
Affection—Visible and invisible emotional interactions among family members.
Resolve—How time, money, and space are used for solving or preventing problems among family members.
See Box 4-2.

8. Developmental Theories
Piaget-offers developmental theory on cognition
Freud-looks at behaviors motivated by the unconscious
Erikson-characterized by mastery of specific skills or behaviors at different developmental stages
Havighurst-he believed society determined the skills that needed to be mastered at each stage; this included late adulthood and the aged
Neuman-health care team should care for the total patient and family needs, within their environment
Duvall-each stage is unique and new competencies have to be mastered; health care workers need to help family’s to expand on roles and tasks
See Chapter 5.

9. Growth and Development of the Family
A task is a competency or skill that helps a person cope with the environment or advance personal development
Tasks occur in sequence
Mastery of the developmental tasks of one stage are usually required to master developmental tasks of the next stage
Physical, cognitive, psychological, motor, and psychosocial developmental tasks
See Table 4-4.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10. Growth and Development of a Parent
Table 4-4: Growth and Development of a Parent
First prenatal trimester
Second prenatal trimester
Third prenatal trimester
Birth
Infant
Toddler
Preschool-age
School-age
Adolescent
See Table 4-4.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11. Growth and Development of the Family
Marriage-establish mutual goals and values; define roles and responsibilities
Childbearing-adjust to child; meet needs to child
Childrearing-meet own needs and those of the child; establish child care philosophy
Child launching-having stable home while encouraging fulfillment
Contracting family-empty nest syndrome; get to know each other again; increase community involvement
Aging family-develop new roles; fulfill lifelong plans
See Table 4-5.

12. Role of the Health Care Worker
Understanding the developmental stages and tasks of families and individuals enables the health-care team to provide individualized care
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13. Childrearing Styles
Autocratic style-decisions are made without the input of the children
Democratic style-children are encouraged to participate in decision making, and all members of the family exhibit mutual respect
Laissez-faire style-complete freedom for all members, with no rules, minimal discipline (if any), and no effort at impulse control
Dysfunctional family-unit that does not offer consistency of members or rules, may exhibit poor interpersonal relationships among its members

14. Effect of Culture on the Family
Cultural assimilation-a process by which members of a specific cultural group lose the characteristics of that group and adapt practices of another group
Cultural relativism- the concept that normality comes from the standard social practices of a specific culture
Culture shock-is the effect of a sudden, drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual or family
See Cultural Considerations box.

15. Effect of Culture on the Family
Ethnocentrism-belief that one’s own culture is the standard of behavior and is superior
Cultural competence- involves cultural awareness, acceptance, and respect toward behaviors and practices that are different from one's own
Cultural assessments will include values, socioeconomic status, communication, patterns, nutrition, language, religious practices, health practices/beliefs, and cultural aspects of diseases or illnesses
See Cultural Considerations box.

16. Influence of Electronic Media and Technology
Newspapers
Magazines
Music
Videos and games-have flickering lights and at times these can trigger seizures in children and adults
Movies-becoming more violent and children allowed to view, so might influence them to thinking it is normal
Websites
Television-Children’s Television Act of 1991-mandated defined prime time and family viewing times for programs
See Box 4-3.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. Influence of Electronic Media and Technology (cont.)
Optimal style of TV viewing is family viewing, though this is not a consistent practice with most families
Many debates exist on the effects of violence in television and video games
Dopamine is released and it is related to learning, attention, and motor integration-due to material in some games, movies, etc. thought to learn about violence
Computers and the internet allow access to important information and social interactions
See Figure 4-3.

18. The Growth of Social Networking Sites
Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Pinterest, etc.
Facebook depression-when overused to point of life behaviors are altered including sleeping, eating, and being more isolated
Sexting
See Box 4-4.
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. Effects of a Disaster on Family and Development
Natural disaster—hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.
Human-made disaster-bombings, etc.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-families who have been involved in a disaster can suffer from posttraumatic stress syndrome
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. Role of the Health Care Team
Understand and respect the potential for learning and education in media
Help the child self-regulate choices of what to view
Help parents use media in a positive way to promote a well-balanced lifestyle
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. Effect of Community on Family and Development
Teachers, coaches, clubs, teams, and peers
Outside influences help children:
Learn social rules of behavior
Develop a sense of belonging
Develop a positive self-image
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE HABITS
Attitudes toward exercise and food are formed in the home
Parents are role models for children
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

23. Family-Centered Health Care
Family is central to the plan of care for any individual family member.
Identify and value the strengths of the family network
Expanded visiting hours allows family to take part in the care of hospitalized individual
Home-care services
Listen to the family's perception of the problem
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.