1. Chemosensory Neurons Function in Parallel to Mediate a Pheromone Response in C. elegans 
Wendy S. Schackwitz, Takao Inoue, James H. Thomas 
Neuron 
Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages (October 1996)
DOI: /S (00)

2. Figure 1 Parallel Branches in the Genetic Pathway for Dauer Formation
Daf-c genes are shown in bold, and Daf-d genes are shown in plain text. The Daf-c genes in the upper branch are called group 1, and the Daf-c genes in the lower branch are called group 2. Arrows indicate positive regulatory interactions, and lines ending in bars indicate negative interactions.
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3. Figure 2 GFP Fluorescence in a daf-7::GFP Strain
Combined epifluorescence and Nomarski photograph of the strain JT8459 lin-15(n765ts); saIs8, which carries an integrated daf-7::GFP fusion. The view is of the lateral ganglion of an L2 animal in the focal plane of ASI on the right side (ASIR). The positions of ASKR, ADLR, and ASIR (from left to right) are indicated by arrowheads. The epifluorescence and Nomarski images were photographed separately and were superimposed using Adobe Photoshop.
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4. Figure 3 Effects of Killing Amphid Neurons in a daf-11(sa195) Mutant
Experiments were conducted at 25°C. The number of animals tested is indicated in each bar. An asterisk indicates a highly significant difference from the mock-kill control (p < ). The error bars show the standard error of the mean. For cases in which all animals formed dauers, the standard error cannot be meaningfully calculated.
(A) Kills of single neuron pairs. Only killing ASJ strongly affected dauer formation. Killing ASK or AFD resulted in moderately significant suppression (p = and 0.02, respectively).
(B) Kills of multiple neuron pairs. Killing certain other neurons in addition to ASJ may have increased suppression compared with killing ASJ alone, as follows: ADL (p = 0.01), ASK (p = 0.03), ASK and ADL (p = 0.03), and AFD (p = 0.07). Each other amphid neuron was killed together with ASJ, and none showed significantly enhanced suppression (data not shown).
(C) Isolation experiments and kills of neurons on one side only. In the animals for the second and third bars (isolation experiments), all of the exposed and unexposed amphid neurons were killed except for the two noted. The same two isolation experiments were performed on wild-type animals to test whether killing these neurons would generate a Daf-c phenotype. In each case, 4 out of 4 animals formed a non-dauer.
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5. Figure 4
Effects of Killing ASJ, ASK, and ADL in Other Daf-c Mutants and of Killing ADF and ASI in Group 1 Daf-c Mutants
Experiments in (A) and (B) were at 25°C, and experiments in (C) were at 20°C. An asterisk indicates that a result is significantly different from mock-kill controls. The number of animals tested is indicated for each bar. Error bars show the standard error of the mean.
(A) Kills in other daf-11 mutants and in daf-21(p673). For each strain, killing ASJ significantly suppressed the Daf-c phenotype (p < 0.001) and killing ASJ, ASK, and ADL together significantly suppressed the Daf-c phenotype (p < 0.002).
(B) Kills in group 2 and daf-2 Daf-c mutants. Killing ASJ or ASJ, ASK, and ADL together did not significantly alter the Daf-c phenotype of these mutants (daf-14(m77), J kill, p = 0.10; daf-8(sa234), J kill, p = 0.24; all other p values were larger).
(C) Kills of ADF and ASI in group 1 Daf-c mutants. P values for the kills compared with the mock kills in each strain are as follows: daf-11(sa195) p < , daf-11(m87) p = , daf-11(m47) p = 0.021, and daf-21(p673) p =
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

6. Figure 5 Killing ASJ in the Wild Type Impairs Pheromone Response
Experiments were conducted at 25°C. Error bars show the standard error of the mean. Units of pheromone are as defined by Thomas et al Numbers in parentheses are the number of animals tested for each condition. P values for the comparison of mock and ASJ kills at each pheromone concentration were p < 0.001, except for the four unit point (p = 0.004).
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )

7. Figure 6 Combined Cellular and Genetic Model for Dauer Formation
Triangles represent amphid neurons. Arrows indicate dauer-promoting signals, and lines ending in bars indicate dauer-repressing signals.
(A) The effects of non-dauer-inducing and dauer-inducing conditions on the activity of dauer-inducing and dauer-repressing neurons. Dauer-inducing conditions activate the dauer-promoting neuron ASJ and inactivate the dauer-repressing neurons ADF and ASI. There may be minor involvement of ASK and ADL (dauer inducing) and ASG (dauer repressing).
(B) The effects on dauer formation of killing dauer-repressing or dauer-inducing neurons. The effect of killing ADF and ASI is apparent under non-dauer-inducing conditions because they normally repress dauer formation under these conditions. Dauer formation is only partially activated because the dauer-regulating functions of other neurons (including ASJ) remain intact. The effect of killing ASJ is apparent only under inducing conditions because ASJ is active only under these conditions. Dauer formation in response to pheromone is only partially blocked by killing ASJ because the dauer-regulating functions of other neurons (including ADF and ASI) remain intact.
(C) The effects of daf-11 or group 2 Daf-c mutations on the activity of dauer-repressing and dauer-inducing neurons under non-dauer-inducing conditions. Group 2 Daf-c mutations block the capacity of ADF or ASI to repress dauer formation, but ASJ remains unactivated. In daf-11 mutants, ASJ inappropriately promotes dauer formation, but ADF and ASI remain activated to repress dauer formation. The result in each case is partial activation of dauer formation. The defect in the other group 1 mutant, daf-21, is probably quite similar to daf-11, but genetic analysis and the experiments in Table 1 suggest that daf-21 interpretation is less clear.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /S (00) )