1. Drinking Water contamination
Benefits of Disinfection, (Chlorination)
Drinking Water contamination

2. What is water disinfection?
Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms.
Common way of water disinfection in our region is chlorination.

3. What is (water contamination) means:
“Contaminant" meaning any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water.
Or anything other than water molecules.

4. Contamination of drinking water causes many death and much illness among urban residents all over the world.

5. Type of contaminations:
1- Chemical:
No3
So4
Heavy metal
2- Physical:
Turbidity (Color)

6. 3-Microbiological:-
*Bacteria
-Cholera (V.Cholera) NOT AVAILABLE in Kurdistan.
-Coliform Group (Fecal coliform):
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Escherichia (E.Coli)
-Typhoid

7. Escherichia coli : black bulls eye;  green metallic sheen
(LOCATION OF SAMPLE DOMIZ CAMP)
LABORATORY (D.W.O.D ) Bio: Bashar

8. *Viruses Rotavirus Hepatitis A

9. *Protozoa -Giardia -Amoeba

10. *Helminth Round worm Tape worm

11. Algae -Mycrocystis -Spirugira (home storage tank)
*Algae -Mycrocystis -Spirugira (home storage tank) *Parasites -Insect (vector diseases). -Malaria.

12. Prevention and Treatment
All these risks are solved during the (water treatment steps):
- Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection (Chlorination), its very necessary.

13. Disinfection by chlorine
Chlorine will kills all these microrganisms.
Chlorine in water:
-Cl2 + H2O <<<>>> HOCl +H+Cl
Hypochlorus acid >>> will kill bacteria by damage Cell membrane.

14. How to prevent water contamination
How to prevent water contamination? 1- Planning (teams) )Sample collectors, Laboratory). 2- Increase no. of samples (Daily) especially in Camps, in each camps (6 -10 samples/day). It’s our responsibility to protect our children's health.

15. References
Standards Iraqi 2014, for chemical and bacteriological Analysis. Directorate of water outskirt of Duhok, Iraqi specification No.1974/417.
Directorate of water outskirt of Duhok (Laboratory Data)2018.
WHO (2011) guidelines for drinking: water Hardness in Drinking water.
WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Health criteria and other supporting information. WorldHealth Organization, Geneva.
WHO (2011) drinking water guidelines: potable water standards. World health organization. ISBN Available from: Accessed: [4th August. 2015].

16. Water outskirt of Duhok
Thank you
Biologist
Bashar Kh. Tajer
Head of Water quality
Water outskirt of Duhok