1. Crusades
(p )

3. I. Causes A. 1000’s group of Turkish monks capture Jerusalem;
Christian pilgrims were attacked
B. Turks raid Byzantine Empire – emperor asks Pope Urban II for help
C. Pope calls for Christians to retake holy land
D. sewed crosses on clothes so therefore called crusaders “marked with a cross”; rallying cry was “God wills it!”

4. II. Crusades A
poorly equipped peasants attack Jews in Germany
2. Once in Jerusalem, Turks kill most B
1. Nobles & knights took Jerusalem
2. Set up 4 kingdoms in Holy Land
C. Within 50 years, Muslims regain most control
D –
1. 2nd French & German kings;
2. failure: poor planning & heavy losses

5. III. Muslims Retake Jerusalem
A rd Crusade: England, France & Holy Roman Empire
1. German king dies
2. French leave
3. English king Richard I fights against Muslim
leader Saladin
a. mutual respect
b. Richard wins protection for Christian
pilgrims
c. However, leaves with Jerusalem still
owned by Muslims

6. 1201 4th Crusade: French knights gather in Venice, 1. but no $.
th Crusade: French knights gather in Venice,
1. but no $.
2. Venice promises money if knights will conquer rival city. They do.
3. They also attack Constantinople
C Muslims control all of Holy Land

8. IV. Why did Crusades fail?
A. long distance
B. not prepared for desert climate
C. outnumbered
D. fought amongst selves
E. planned poorly

9. V. Changed Europe A. increased trade
B. learned about products (ie. Apricots, rice,
cotton)
C. king’s power increases (many nobles died)
D. Jews distrust Christians
E. Increase tension between Byzantine’s & W. Christians
F. Perspectives on each other change.
1. Muslims view Christians as vicious invaders
2. Christians view Muslims as unbelievers
who threaten Christians