1. Tran-Sahara and the Bantu

2. Berbers Convert The Caliphate conquered Egypt
Shortly after, North African Berbers convert
Known as traders and warriors

3. Trans-Saharan trade Routes crossed the Sahara desert
Connect Africa with the Mediterranean world
The most Important goods gold and salt
Estimated 8 tons gold exported

4. Why Salt? Salt was rare in many areas.
Needed in diets, Food preservation
Salt + gold traded pound for pound
Who were Berbers trading with?
(even used to build homes)
Currently salt $2 per lb of salt to almost $20,000 for lb of gold

5. The Bantu Migration

6. The Word Bantu A group of about 500 African languages
Approx. 90 million speakers today.
Swahili is most common
YOLO
Hakuna Matata

7. Origin + = Lived in West Africa Developed Agriculture
Population grew
Allowed specialization
Began expanding around BCE due to:
Cultivation of cereal crops
Development of iron + =

8. Cereal and Iron Cereals have more caloric density, more pop growth.
Need more room for people and crops
Iron tools allowed "slash-and-burn" agriculture.
More food, see above
Made deadlier weapons

9. Expansion
More resources/population made both pressure and capability to expand
Occupied most of Africa south of the Sahara by 300 CE
was not conscious, More like people gradually seeking more or better land

10. Results These areas were not unoccupied.
Indigenous people pushed off of good land or eliminated
Bantu culture and language dominates the south of Africa to this day.