1. Anatomical And Physiological of respiratory system
Dr. Kareema Ahmed Hussein

2. Functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs
Protection of respiratory surfaces
Production of sound
Provision for olfactory sensations

3. Organization of the respiratory system
1.Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
2.Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

4. The Nose
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
Air enters the nose through the external part of the nose
The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum

5. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity/ function
Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)

6. Para- nasal Sinuses
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone

7. Nose

8. Function of the sinuses
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

9. Pharynx (Throat)
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food

10. Pharynx

11. Pharynx

12. Structures of the Larynx
1.Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes interiorly (Adam’s apple)
2.Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
3.Glottis – opening between vocal cords

13. Vocal Folds and Ligaments

14. Trachea Tubular air passage way ~12cm long, 2.5cm diameter
16-20 incomplete ‘C’-shaped hyaline cartilage rings provide rigidity
Open part of each ring faces posterior to esophagus
Allows for esophageal expansion during swallowing
Transverse smooth muscle (tracheal) and elastic connective tissue attach open ends of cartilage rings

15. Primary Bronchi
Formed by division to the trachea
Enters the lung at the hills(medial depression)
Right bronchus is wider, shorter , and straighter than left
Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

17. The Anatomy of the Trachea

18. Lungs Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes
Left lung – two lobes
Right lung – three lobes

19. Conducting Zones

20. Coverings of the Lungs
Pulmonary pleura covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

21. Alveoli Structure of alveoli Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus
Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory membrane
muamcous epithelial lining alveolar walls
Covered with pulmonary capillaries on external surfaces

23. Blood Supply To The Lung
Two separate blood supplies:
pulmonary circulation and
bronchial circulation

24. Pulmonary circulation
Brings deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the gas-exchange units
At the gas-exchanging units, oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood
The oxygenated blood returned to the left atrium for distribution to the rest of the body

25. Gas Transport in the Blood
1.Oxygen transport in the blood
Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma
2.Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin.

26. Bronchial circulation
Arise from the aorta
Provides nourishments to the lung

27. Muscles of Respiration
Inspiration/Inhalation
Diaphragm & Intercostals muscles contract downward
Increases volume in thoracic cavity as muscles contract
Volume of lungs increases
Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
inspiration is active and air goes in

28. Expiration/Exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes upward
Intercostals muscles relaxes to
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Volume of lungs decreases
Intrapulmonary pressure increases
Forced expiration is active

30. Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life
Newborns – 40 to 80 breath/ min.
Infants – 30 breath/ min.
Age 5 – 25 breath/ min
Adults – 12 to 18 breath/ min
Rate often increases with old age

31. Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
1.Physical factors
Increased body temperature
Exercise
Talking
Coughing
2.Emotional factors

32. 3.Chemical factors
a. Carbon dioxide levels
Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration
Increased carbon dioxide increases respiration
Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata

33. Chemical factors (continued)
b. Oxygen levels
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery
Information is sent to the medulla oblongata

34. Thank you