1. Tools of Monetary Policy
Mishkin/Serletis
The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Sixth Canadian Edition
Chapter 16
Tools of Monetary Policy

2. Learning Objectives
Characterize the framework for the implementation of monetary policy in Canada
Explain the market for reserves and how changes in monetary policy affect overnight interest rates
Summarize how conventional monetary policy tools are implemented

3. The Large Value Transfer System (LVTS)
Electronic, real-time net settlement network
Designed to provide immediate finality and settlement to time-critical transactions
The LVTS participants know in real time their large-value, wholesale transactions (over $50,000)
Transactions account for < 1% of the total number of transactions but 94% of the value
The LVTS uses multilateral netting
Only the net credit or debit position of each participant vis-à-vis all other participants is calculated for settlement

4. Systemic Risk and the LVTS
The risk to the entire payments system due to the inability of one financial institution to fulfill its payment obligations
The LVTS helps eliminate systemic risk

5. The Bank of Canada’s Policy Rate
(Equilibrium) Overnight Loan rate (OLR)
The interest rate at which participants borrow and lend overnight funds to each other in the money market
The Target Overnight Loan rate (OLR*)
The target for the overnight rate is chosen by the Bank of Canada (which is the main tool the Bank uses to conduct monetary policy)

6. The Operating Band for the Overnight Rate
The Bank operates under a system of eight “fixed” dates throughout the year for announcing changes to the target overnight loan rate (OLR*)
The Bank’s objective is to keep the equilibrium overnight rate at OLR* or within a band of 50 basis points (1/2 of 1%), referred to as the ‘Operating Band’

7. Operating Band for the Overnight Interest Rate

8. The Bank of Canada and the Operating Band
If the overnight rate increases toward the upper limit of the operating band
The Bank will lend at the bank rate
Puts a ceiling on the overnight rate
If the overnight rate falls toward the lower limit of the operating band
The Bank will accept deposits from LVTS participants at the bank rate less 50 basis points
Puts a floor on the overnight rate

9. The Market for Settlement Balances (Reserves)
The market for settlement balances (reserves) is where the overnight interest rate is determined
Both Demand for reserves and Supply of reserves are influenced by the channel/corridor system of interest-rate control (shapes of Demand & Supply curves are not typical)
Nevertheless, the equilibrium overnight loan rate still determined where the quantity of reserves demanded equals the quantity of reserves supplied

10. Demand Curve
When the overnight rate is above the interest rate paid on excess reserves, ier:
As the overnight rate decreases, the opportunity cost of holding excess reserves falls
The quantity of reserves demanded rises
When the overnight rate falls to the interest rate paid on excess reserves ier :
Banks keep on adding to their holdings of excess reserves indefinitely
Result: Downward sloping demand curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic) at ier

11. Supply Curve
Total bank reserves is the sum of Non-borrowed (NBR) and borrowed reserves (BR)
Cost of borrowing from Bank of Canada is the bank rate (ib)
Borrowing from Bank of Canada is a substitute for borrowing from other banks
If ior< ib, then banks will not borrow from the Bank of Canada and borrowed reserves are zero
Supply curve will be vertical
When ior = ib, banks will borrow from the Bank of Canada at ib. Supply curve is horizontal at ib.

12. Equilibrium in the Market for Reserves

13. How the Bank of Canada’s Operating Procedures Limit Fluctuations in the Overnight Interest Rate
Assume the initial equilibrium overnight interest rate is at the overnight rate target of i*
If the demand for reserves has a large unexpected increase, the demand curve would shift to the right to Rd2 , where it now intersects the supply curve for reserves on the flat portion where the equilibrium overnight rate i2 = ib
The Bank of Canada’s operating procedures limit the fluctuations of the overnight interest rate to between ier = ib and ib

14. How the Bank of Canada’s Operating Procedures Limit Fluctuations in the Overnight Interest Rate

15. Overnight Loan Rate and Bank of Canada Policy
Bank of Canada sets Target Overnight Loan Rate in order to meet goal of the targeted rate of inflation (2%/year)
Given the Bank of Canada’s ability to influence interest rates they have largely been successful in hitting their inflation target

16. Inflation Rates and Inflation Targets for Canada

17. How Monetary Policy Affects the Economy
Changes in the target overnight rate influences other interest rates and the exchange rate and will impact financial markets
The level of short term interest rates and the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar determine the monetary conditions in which the economy operates

18. How the Bank of Canada Keeps the Rate of Inflation from Falling Below the Target Range

19. How the Bank of Canada Keeps the Rate of Inflation from Moving Above the Target Range

20. Nominal Interest Rates and Monetary Policy
Bank of Canada uses nominal overnight interest rate as operating instrument
Effects on the monetary policy on economic activity are from the real interest rate affecting consumption and investment
Short-term nominal rates affect short and long-term real interest rates under assumption of sticky prices

21. Open Market Operations
Open market operations are an important monetary policy tool for many central banks
Open market purchases:
Expand bank reserves and the monetary base
Lower short-term interest rates
Raise the money supply
Open market sales:
Shrink bank reserves and the monetary base
Raise short-term interest rates
Lower the money supply

22. Repurchase Transactions
Bank of Canada stopped conducting open market operations in Government T-bills in 1994, instead uses:
Repos or Specials
Special Purchase and Resale Agreements (special PRAs or SPRAs)
Used as a tool to reduce undesired upward pressure on the overnight interest rate
Reverse Repos or Reverses
Sale and Repurchase Agreements (SRAs)
Used as a tool to reduce undesired downward pressure on the overnight rate

23. Special PRAs (SPRAs) Used to Lower Overnight Loan Rate to Target Rate
If overnight funds are traded at a rate above the target ior, the Bank enters into SPRAs at a price that works out to the target ior.
Hence, SPRAs relieve undesired upward pressure on overnight interest rates
Bank of Canada
Primary Dealers
Assets
Liabilities
Government Securities
+$100m
Settlement Balances
SPRAs

24. SRAs Used to Raise equilibrium Overnight Loan Rate to Target Rate
If, on the other hand, overnight funds are traded at a rate below the target rate, the Bank of Canada enters into SRAs
Hence, sale and repurchase agreements alleviate undesired downward pressure on overnight rates
Bank of Canada
Primary Dealers
Assets
Liabilities
Settlement Balances
-$100m
SRAs
+$100m
Government Securities

25. The Mechanics of a Special PRA Operation

26. Settlement Balances Management
Bank of Canada also targets the level of settlement balances in the system
Typically, target level is announced the previous day
Bank neutralizes the impact on settlement balances via SPRAs and SRAs by:
Shifts (transfers) of government deposits
Transfer deposits from banks to Bank of Canada: drawdowns
Transfer deposits from Bank of Canada to banks: redeposits

27. Receiver General Auctions can be Used to Neutralize SPRAs
Suppose the Bank of Canada conducts a SPRA which may result in a net increase in the supply of reserves
Bank of Canada will neutralize this by arranging a net increase of $100 in government deposits (switch government deposits to the Bank of Canada from LVTS)
Bank of Canada
LVTS Participants
Assets
Liabilities
Government Deposits
+$100
Settlement Balances
-$100

28. Receiver General Auctions can be Used to Neutralize SRAs
Suppose instead the Bank of Canada conducts a SRA (reducing overall reserves)
Bank of Canada will neutralize this by arranging a net decrease of $100 in government deposits (a transfer to LVTS from the Bank of Canada)
Bank of Canada
LVTS Participants
Assets
Liabilities
Government Deposits
-$100
Settlement Balances
+$100

29. Bank of Canada Lending
Bank stands ready to lend overnight settlement balances to LVTS participants with negative clearing balances
Lending rate is ib
Large increase in demand for reserves shifts demand right and equilibrium ior increases
At ib, the standing lending facility puts ceiling on overnight rate

30. Borrowed Reserves: If necessary LVTS can borrow reserves (BR) from Bank of Canada

31. Practice Question
(a) Assume the current operating band of the overnight loan rate is from 1.0 – 1.5% and the current overnight loan rate is presently at the mid-point of the range. Now assume that the Bank of Canada is expressing concerns about a weak recovery for the economy and that the next meeting of the Bank of Canada to decide on any change in interest rates is scheduled for today. What decision would you expect to see the Bank of Canada arrive at with respect to the target OLR and the operating band? Explain.

32. Practice Question
(b) Explain precisely how the Bank of Canada can operate the next day to achieve the new target OLR by using open market operations (SPRA or SRA). (i) What type of open market operation would they wish to conduct? (ii)Why would the chartered banks be willing participants in this open market operation? Explain. (iii)What does this open market operation do to the settlement (or reserve) balances in the system?

33. Practice Question
(c) If the Bank of Canada wishes to neutralize the effects on the banking system’s reserves of the open market operation conducted, what will the Bank of Canada do with Government Deposits (‘Receiver General Auctions’)? Explain why this will end up neutralizing the effect on reserves of the open market transaction.