1. Civil Engineering and Architecture
Structural Loads
Part 1
Civil Engineering and Architecture
Unit 6 Structures

2. Engineering Failures

3. In this lesson: Forces and Loads Beams and Columns
Building Design Problem with calculations

4. Structure of a Building

5. Structural Characteristics
Stability
Strength
Economic Value

6. Structural Elements Stringers or Beams Girders Columns Footings
Connections

7. Steps in Structural Design
Plan
Create preliminary design
Establish the loads
Size the members
Analyze the members
Evaluate and compare to preliminary design
Redesign

8. Design Loads: Live vs Dead
Snow
Live Load
Roof Materials &
Structure
Dead Load
Walls, Floors,
Materials & Structure
Occupants, Moveable
Fixtures & Furniture

9. Typical Building Live Loads
Please click here to obtain Live Load Chart.

10. Dead Loads Weight of the structure Electrical fixtures
(steel, concrete, timber)
Partitions/ Walls
Ductwork
Piping
Electrical fixtures
Floor coverings
Roof coverings
Ceiling

11. Typical Building Dead Loads
Please click here to obtain Dead Load Chart.

12. Snow Loads Ground Snow Load (in NY State) Rochester, NY 50 lb/ft2
Albany, NY lb/ft2
Watertown, NY lb/ft2
White Plains, NY 45 lb/ft2

13. Design Loads: Wind
WIND
Pressure
Uplift
Suction

14. Designing for Wind Loads
Dead Load
Addition of Steel beams and bracing
Floor slab

15. Design Loads: Earthquake

16. Structural Efficiency
Dead Load
Live Load
Structural Efficiency
Professional Development Lesson ID Code: 8008

17. Factor of Safety
Dead Loads * 1.4
Live Loads * 1.7

18. Fixture and Occupancy DL &LL
Loads and Load Paths
Snow and/or Roof Load
Fixture and Occupancy DL &LL
Weigh of Structure DL
Ground Reaction

19. Beam Design

20. Beam Deflection

21. Beam Deflection Formula
L/240 of the total load
Used if there is no plaster/drywall on underside
L/360 of the total load
Used if plaster/drywall is used

22. Beam Types
Simple
Continuous
Cantilever
Moment fixed at one end

23. Supports
Pin Connection
Roller Connection
Fixed Support

24. Columns Designed for compression.
F (External)
WCOL (External)
R1 (Internal)
R2 (Internal)
RSoil (External)
WFTG
(External)
Designed for compression.
Additional loads can cause bending in the columns.

25. Building Design Problem
A Steel Framed Retail Building with Concrete Floors and Flat Roof
Please click here to obtain Revit file of the building.

26. Second Floor Framing
Girder
Beam
Column
Footing

27. Design Steps

28. Curriculum Alignment:
Unit 6 – Structural Engineering
Lesson 6.1 – Introduction to Structural Engineering
Act. 1.1 – Structural Calculations
Act. 1.2 – More Load Calculations
Lesson 6.2 – Roof Systems
Lesson 6.3 – Columns and Beams

29. References:
Jefferis, A. & Madsen, D.A. (2001). Architectural Drafting and Design, Albany, NY: Delmar
Kane, K. & Onouye B., (2002). Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction, 2nd ed., Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc
Shaeffer, R.E. (2002). Elementary Structures for Architects and Builders, 4th ed.. Columbus, OH: Prentice Hall
Manual of Steel Construction, 8th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction

30. Credits: Writer: Constance Bertucci Content Editor: Donna E. Scribner
Narration: Donna E. Scribner
PLTW Editor: Ed Hughes
Production: CJ Amarosa
Video Production: CJ Amarosa
Audio: CJ Amarosa
Project Manager: Donna E. Scribner