1. Job and opportunities Income and poverty
Giancarlo Blangiardo - Università Milano Bicocca
Monica Perez - Istat
Luciana Quattrociocchi - Istat
Roberta Zizza - Banca d’Italia

2. What kind of integration?
Integration shows three specific characteristics: processuality, multi-dimensionality, and bi-directionality.
Integration is a process which always and only develops over time and requires some time.
Integration is always a multi-dimensional process, since it concerns different aspects of a migrant person’s life, that is to say, the economic, social, cultural, and political dimension.
Integration is always a bi-directional process, even when it is not immediately visible or it is rejected. Migrants must start a process of inclusion in the host society, which may be put into effect in different ways, but in any case obliges them to be confronted with the culture of the host country. The citizens of the host country, in turn, must be confronted with the newcomers and take a stance towards them (rejection, acceptance, mistrust, tolerance, openness, etc.), which may call their lifestyle into question, as well as their idea of their own integration in the society they belong to
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

3. Some Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration (*)
(1) Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by all immigrants and residents of Member States (…).
(3) Employment is a key part of the integration process and is central to the participation of immigrants, to the contributions immigrants make to the host society, and to making such contributions visible
(6) Access for immigrants (…) to public and private goods and services, on a basis equal to national citizens and in a non-discriminatory way is a critical foundation for better integration.
(11) Developing clear goals, indicators and evaluation mechanisms are necessary to adjust policy, evaluate progress on integration and to make the exchange of information more effective. (*)
(*) Justice and Home Affairs Council, 2004
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

4. (or sub-populations defined according to some specific features)
Integration measure
How to measure and compare integration levels among migrant populations
(or sub-populations defined according to some specific features)
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

5. The classical macro approach: by statistical indicators of integration
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

6. Indicators on job and living conditions
Job opportunities
Employment rate
Unemployment rate
Activity rate
Permanent/fixed term employment
Part time/full time employment
Education job-mismatches (over qualification) …
Income, living conditions, poverty
Household net income
People at risk of poverty or social esclusion
Peolple living in household with very low work intensity
Peolple at risk of poverty after social transfer
Severally material deprived people
.....
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

7. Main labour market indicators processed on foreigners
Source: Labour Force Survey- Year 2012
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

8. Main indicators on living conditions of foreigners
Source: Survey on Living conditions of families with foreigners – Year 2009

9. Macro data from statistical sources duly processed to produce indicators
Main sources
Labour Force Survey
EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions
OECD PISA Survey
Census data
Etc.
Ad hoc Italian surveys
Survey on Living conditions of families with foreigners
Survey on Social condition and integration of foreigners
Survey of the Regional Observatory for Integration and Multiethnicity (Ismu-Eupolis )
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

10. The alternative micro approach: by individual scores of integration
Very apt to investigate differential aspects of the integration corresponding to local areas or to specific sub-populations & to control the effects of local or targeted policies
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

11. Individual data-base from statistical surveys duly processed
The tools
1) Individual Census outcomes or Representative samples of the target population
2) A methodology able to assign an integration score, according to a preliminary definition of integration, to every statistical unit of the sample
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

12. the following steps are required
HOW TO
assign an integration score, according to a preliminary definition of integration, to every statistical unit of the data-base ?
the following steps are required
REMARK
In this example we shall consider the sole topic of labor market integration of TCNs.
Anyway a similar procedure can be followed in order to assign individual integration scores regarding both other specific dimensions (education, social exclusion, etc.) and the integration level as a whole
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

13. Measuring integration through individual integration scores
STEP1 Choice of the k integration variables of the dataset (according to a shared definition of integration in the labor market)
STEP2 Identification of integration scores for each variable by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution of the k variables selected
STEP3 Assignment the k scores to each statistical unit according to its modality of the variables under consideration
STEP4 Attribution of the average score of integration at each statistical unit (such score will be considered as an additional variable to the original dataset)
STEP5 Processing the integration average score in connection with the structural data (personal features, education, social inclusion, etc.)
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

14. Stability & job security
Example of the application of the procedure
Definition: “a migrant who is employed with a stable/secured job that gives good income and is adequate to his education level can be considered fully integrated into the labor market”
Step 1
Selection of a set of indicators according to a definition of integration in the labor market
4 dimensions
Employment
Stability & job security
Net income from work
Over qualification
Source: PerLa Survey Percorsi Lavorativi (Labour Path) 13,006 sample units;
Target population: migrants living in Italy who have or had a legal job since 12 months before the survey
Methodology: Centre sampling
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

15. Employment integration index (score) (for each of the 4 dimensions)
Step 2
Identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution of the variables selected
lowest
highest -1 1
Employment integration index (score)
(for each of the 4 dimensions)
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

16. Step 2 (cont’d)
Identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution
Sample Frequency %
Employment
Unemployed
7.1
Employed
92.9
Total
100
Stability &
Low
0.1
job security
Medium
38.6
High
61.3
Net income
<500 €
3.1
from work €
28.5 €
50.9
1200 – 1500 €
13.5 €
2.9 €
0.9
> 3000 e
0.3
Over qualification
Severely inadequate
4.8
(job compared
Moderately inadequate
27.2
to education)
Adequate
68.0
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

17. Step 2 (cont’d)
Example of identification of integration scores by processing the frequencies of the sample distribution
Sample Frequency %
Corresponding Scores
Over
qualification
Severely inadequate
4.8
[ ] / 100 = -0.95
(job compared
Moderately inadequate
27.2
[+4.8 – 68.0] /100 = -0.63
to education)
Adequate
68.0
[ ] /100 = +32.0
Total
100
For each modality the corresponding score is obtained through the difference between the sum of the previous frequencies (relative) less the sum of the following ones. It can be remarked that, for any variable, the mean score for the whole set of sample units will be zero.
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

18. Moderately inadequate
Set of scores (for each of the 4 dimensions)
Employment
Unemployed
-0.93
Employed
+0.07
Stability &
Low
-0.99
job security
Medium
-0.61
High
+0.39
< 500 €
-0.97
Net income
500 – 800 €
-0.65
from work
800 – 1200 €
0.14
1200 – 1500 €
0.78
1500 – 2000 €
0.95
2000 – 3000 €
0.99
> 3000 €
1.00
Over qualification
Severely inadequate
-0.95
(job compared
Moderately inadequate
-0.63
to education)
Adequate
0.32
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

19. Stability & job security (*) Net income from work (*)
Steps 3 & 4
Assignment the scores to each statistical unit according to its modality of the variable under consideration (total 13,006 units) & Average of the 4 partial scores (Final Mean score)
Sample unit
No.
Employment
Stability & job security (*)
Net income from work (*)
(*) Over qualification
Mean
score
Modality
Score 1
Employed
+0.07
Low
-0.99
<500 €
-0.97
Severely inadequate
-0.95
- 0.71 2
Unemployed
-0.93
High
+0.39 €
-0.65
Moderately inadequate
-0.63
-0.45 3
Medium
-0.61 €
+0.95
Adequate
+0.32
+0.18 4 €
+0.99
Severely inadequate
-0.12 …
1,000 €
+0.14
-0.26
13,006
>3000€
+1.00
+0.10
All sample units
Mean Score
0.00
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013
(*) Present or last job

20. Steps 5
Processing the integration scores together with structural data (personal features, education, social inclusion, etc.)
Integration Index: final mean scores by year of arrival to Italy and gender
Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

21. Additional remark
Positive integration scores seem to be associated to better work conditionsscores
Work conditions
Yes/No
Final Mean integration score
Satisfaction for the present job
Yes No
In the work place being the victim of aggression, threats, because foreign
+0.090
Aspects improved in the present work compared to the previous -
Salary / gain
Type of job
Responsibility
Source: Ismu-PerLa 2009
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

22. A further example 4 dimensions Home ownership
Financial and ‘asset’ integration, based on Bank of Italy’s SHIW (Survey on Household Income and Wealth)  biennial survey ran since the 1960’s on a sample of resident households (including foreign citizens)
4 dimensions
Home ownership
Having a current account or deposit
Net income from work
Net wealth per capita
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

23. The definition of financial and ‘asset’ integration (*)
“An adult who possesses a current account or a savings deposit with a bank or postal office, who is the owner of his/her dwelling, and has adequate financial resources (obtained by a work) and assets can be considered fully integrated from a financial point of view”.
(*) For economic resources refers to labor income (dependent and independent) for the whole assets to the complex of real assets and net financial assets held by the family and made in per capita terms.
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

24. Financial and ‘asset’ integration of foreign migrants (2006; 20-64 yrs)
Notes: our elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample size.
Men are more integrated than women, penalised by lower labour income, while they perform better in the other components referred to the household and not to the individual, plausibly reflecting the fact that women are less likely to live in single-person households (14%, versus 27% for men)
Integration increases with the level of education (especially due to the labour income dimension)
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

25. Financial and ‘asset’ integration - The effects of the crisis
Notes: our elaborations on SHIW data. Caveats are needed due to small sample size. Results are shown for the sake of illustration of the methodology.
In 2012 the degree of integration deteriorated wrt 2006 for both men (only due to the wealth component) and women (all dimensions)
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

26. Conclusions
Micro and macro approaches can be fully achieved and can be complementary.
Periodical sample surveys are required to monitor integration levels of foreign population and to assess progress.
Individual level data from 2011 Census will offer an important opportunity to investigate in detail integration within migrant sub-populations and to compare them to the autochthons’.
Job and opportunities - Income and poverty| Giancarlo Blangiardo | Rome June 2013

27. Thank you for your attention