1. thinking about learning and memory
Types of memory, CNS regions, memory impairments
Learning?
Models for learning

2. Memory Processing
if attended

3. Short-term Memory (STM)
Limited capacity (7 items)
can use chunking
Brief duration
Can be lost without rehearsal or with interference

5. Memory Processing
if attended

6. Short-term Memory (STM)
Limited capacity (7 items)
can use chunking
Brief duration
can be lost without rehearsal or with interference
Long-term Memory (LTM)
more permanent storage
Consolidation
- Process by which rehearsal of information in STM results in transfer to LTM

7. Memory Processing
retrieval
if attended

8. Amnesia Amnesia refers to a failure to remember
Anterograde amnesia - difficulty in forming new memories for events that occur after a brain trauma
Retrograde amnesia - inability to recall events that occurred prior to a trauma
Amnesia can be temporary or permanent

10. Hippocampal Damage and Amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia follows bilateral damage to the hippocampus

12. H.M. medial temporal amnesia consequences: severe anterograde amnesia
Surgery – 1953 for debilitating epilepsy
bilateral removal of hippocampus
consequences:
severe anterograde amnesia
short-term memory intact
long term memory prior to surgery intact
motor memories intact
medial temporal amnesia

17. Memory Processes
Declarative memory: memories available as facts, events, or specific stimuli
Nondeclarative memory: stimulus-response and motor memories that control behaviors at an unconscious level

18. Hippocampal dependent

19. these can be true or false

20. Other CNS regions important for memory
Prefrontal Cortex-
memory deficits – planning, sequence of events
Cerebellum
motor memories

22. amygdala
part of the limbic system; emotional memories

24. some other ways that memory can be affected
Alzheimers disease
Hippocampus has many cholinergic neurons
basal forebrain – area specifically affected by AD
Korsakoff’s syndrome

25. some other ways that memory can be affected
Korsakoff’s syndrome
severe anterograde amnesia with elements of confabulation
consequence of chronic alcohol abuse
lesions in a number of brain structures including

27. some other ways that memory can be affected
ECS – electroconvulsive shock
State dependent memories (and state dependent learning)