1. Atoms & Life Substances Section 6.1 & 6.3

2. Atomic Structure 6.1
Nucleus = center of an atom, contains protons (p+ positively charged) and neutrons (nº neutral)
Electrons (eˉ) are negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus
Atoms are neutral because they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

3. Biomolecules (6.3) These are the molecules required by living things
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
(There are other types of molecules too!!!)

4. Organic Compounds = contain carbon, all biomolecules are organic
Monomer = a building block, smaller subunits
Polymer = made up of lots of monomer subunits

5. CARBOHYDRATES pg. 158 Source of energy Structural materials
Monosaccharides & Polysaccharides

6. Monosaccharide Carbs They’re Monomers =1 Carbohydrate
Glucose = main source of energy for cells, diabetics need to monitor glucose levels

7. Polysaccharide Carbs Polysaccharide = 3 or more monosaccharides
Glycogen = how animals store glucose
Starch = how plants store glucose
Cellulose = polysaccharide, provides plants with structure

8. 2. PROTEINS pg. 161 Hair, horns, nails, skin, muscle
Act as biological catalysts (enyzmes) which help to kick start reactions in the body

9. Amino Acids Protein monomer 20 different amino acids
Peptide Bond = connects amino acids
Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids

10. Enzymes Enzymes change the rate of reactions in the body
Help cells reproduce, digest food, get rid of waste, make new biomolecules
Active Site = a section of the enzyme shaped to fit a specific substrate
Substrate = something that’s being broken apart or made (catalyzed)

11. 3. LIPIDS pg. 160 Insoluble = Don’t dissolve in water
Best for storing energy
Insulation, protective coverings
Major part of cell membranes

12. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fat = found in butter, red meat (solid at room temperature), saturated with hydrogen
Unsaturated Fat = vegetable fats (liquid at room temperature)

13. Phospholipids
Cell membranes made up of two layers of phospholipids, forms a barrier
Keeps things that are supposed to be out, out of the cell
Keeps things that are supposed to be in, in the cell
2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, and a phosphate group
Phosphate
Lipids

14. Practice What percent of your body is made of water?
Explain why a cell needs a structure that helps it maintain water levels inside? What could happen to the cell if this structure wasn’t working properly?

15. Other types of LIPIDS besides fats…
Wax
Structural
Makes a coat on plants for water proofing
Steroids
Hormones that cause physical changes in the body

16. 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS pg. 163 Store and transfer info in the cell
Nucleotide = monomer of nucleic acids
2 kinds of nucleic acid polymers:
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = ribonucleic acid