1. Chapter 5 Topics Eucaryotes External structures Internal structures
Fungi
Protists
Helminths

2. Eucaryotes
External and internal structures are more complex than procaryotes
Examples of eucaryotes
Yeast
Protozoa
Algae
Helminths
Animal cells

3. The structure of algae, yeast and protozoa.
Fig. 5.2

4. External Structures Appendages Glycocalyx Cell wall Cell membrane
Flagella
Cilia
Glycocalyx
Cell wall
Cell membrane

5. A flagellum enables locomotion, and is composed of microtubules, arranged in a 9 + 2 fashion.
Fig. 5.3 The structure of microtubules

6. Paramecium have cilia, which are similar to flagella but are smaller and more numerous.
Fig. 5.4 Structure and locomotion in ciliates

7. Glycocalyx Complex outer layer Function as:
polysaccharides and network fibers
Function as:
Protection
Adherence
Reception of signals from other cells and the environment

8. Cell wall Chitin - fungi Cellulose – plants, algae Glycoprotein
Mixed glycans

9. Cell membrane
Various sterols within the membrane will increase rigidity and stability
Some cells will only possess a membrane
Embedded transport proteins

10. A representation of the glycocalyx, cell wall, and membrane.
Fig. 5.5 Boundary structure

11. Internal Structures Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast (photosynthetic cells only)
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton

12. Nucleus Membrane bound organelle Chromatin- chromosomal DNA
Nucleolus- site for RNA synthesis
Histones-proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis

13. An electron micrograph section of the nucleus showing its contents.
Fig. 5.6 The nucleus

14. Eucaryotic cell division involves mitosis, in which the cell and nucleus undergo several stages of change.
Fig. 5.7 changes in the cell and nucleus

15. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Nuclear envelope form membrane for the ER

16. RER Coated with ribosomes Site of proteins synthesis
Transport material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell membrane
Transitional vesicles

17. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the site of protein synthesis and transport into the cistern.
Fig. 5.8 The origin and detailed structure of the RER

18. Golgi apparatus Closely associated with the ER
Site for protein modification
Cisternae – noncontinuous membrane network
Condensing vesicles

19. Transitional vesicles leave the ER and enter the Golgi apparatus,and condensing vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus.
Fig. 5.9 Detail of the Golgi apparatus

20. Organelles cooperate in protein synthesis and transport.
Fig.5.10 The transport process

21. Lysosomes are transitional vesicles that contain enzymes for digestion of food particles.
Fig The origin and action of lysosomes in phagocytosis

22. Mitochondria Site of energy generation
Cristae-folds of the inner membrane
Matrix-consist of ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes

23. The structure of the mitochondria and its contents.
Fig General structure
of a mitochondrion

24. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis
Thylakoids- folded membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll
Stroma- surrounds the thylakoids

25. The thylakoid is the site for the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates in the stroma.
Fig Detail of an algal chloroplast

26. Ribosomes Associated with proteins synthesis
Present in the cytoplasm and the surface of the ER

27. Cytoskeleton Anchor organelles Cellular structural support
Enable cell shape changes
Two types
Microfilaments
Microtubules

28. Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm, and microtubules maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell.
Fig A model of the cytoskeleton

29. Fungi Present in nature (ex. mushrooms)
Medically important (ex. athlete’s foot)
Industrially important (ex. fermentation)

30. Fungi
Classification
Morphology
Reproduction (asexual and sexual)

31. Morphology and Reproduction
Hyphae cell
Septate
nonseptate
Yeast cells
Single cells
Pseudohypha
Reproduction
Asexual and sexual process

32. A scanning electron micrograph of the hyphae cells.
Fig Diplodia maydis, a pathogenic fungus

33. A scanning electron micrograph of yeast cells, and the budding reproductive process .
Fig Microscopic morphology of yeasts

34. An example of the mold Rhizopus, and its stages of hyphae reproduction.
Fig Functional types of hyphae using the mold as an example.

35. Asexual spore formation involves the mitotic division of a single parental cell.
Fig Types of asexual mold spores

36. Sexual spore formation involves the fusion of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.
Fig Formation of zygospores

37. Mushrooms undergo sexual spore formation.
Fig Formation of basidiospores in a mushroom

38. Subkingdoms of Fungi
Amastigomycota
Perfect
Imperfect
Mastigomycota

40. Black bread mold is classified as a Amastigomycota (Perfect).
Fig A representative Zygomycota

41. Penicillium is another example Amastigomycota (Perfect).
Fig A common Ascomycota

42. Mycelium is classified as an Amastigomycota (Imperfect).
Fig Mycelium and spores of a representative
of Deuteromycota

43. Fungi are capable of causing superficial and systemic infections.
Table 5.2 Major fungal infections of humans

44. Protista
Algae
Protozoa

45. Algae Photosynthetic Inhabitants of fresh and marine waters
Most are not considered human pathogens
Pathogens produce toxins (ex. red tide)
Unique morphology enables identification

46. Algae contain green chlorophyll as well as other pigments which include yellow, red and brown.
Fig Representative microscopic algae

47. Protozoa Complex structure and function
Ectoplasm and endoplasm
Pseudopods, flagella, cilia
Inhabitants of fresh water and soil
Heterotrophs
Reproduction (asexual)
Trophozoite
Encystment

49. An example of the complex structure associated with the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis.
Fig The structure of a typical mastigophoran

50. Typical life cycle associated with most protozoa.
Fig The general life cycle exhibited by many protozoa.

51. Medically important protozoa
Amoeboid protozoa - Sarcodina
Brain infections – Naeglaria fowleri
Flagellated protozoa - Mastigophora
Giardiasis – caused by Giardia Lamblia
Apicomplexan protozoa (Spores)
Malaria – Caused by Plasmodium falciparum
Ciliated protozoan (Cilia)
Balantidium coli

52. Representation of pathogenic amoebas, and nonpathogenic shelled amoebas.
Fig Examples of sarcodinians

53. Representation of a ciliated protozoa, which are generally free-living and harmless.
Fig Selected ciliate representatives

54. Representation of an apicomplexa, which are considered an intracellular parasite.
Fig Sporozoan protozoan

55. The cycle of transmission involves the protozoa, host and vectors.
Fig Cycle of transmission in Chagas disease

56. The stages of development and transmission of amoebic dysentery in the human host.
Fig Stages in the infection and transmission of
Amoebic dysentery

59. Helminths Platyhelminthes (Phylum – flat worms)
Tapeworms (Class Cestoda) - segmented
Flukes (Class) Trematoda) – non-segmented (leaf shape)”Tremble like leaves – trematoda”
Roundworms (Phylum Nemahelminthese or Nematoda)
Unique structural morphology enables identification

60. Helminths are multicellular animals with organ-like systems.
Fig Parasitic flatworms

61. The pinworm life cycle in the human host.
Fig The life cycle of the pinworm, a roundworm

62. Humans serve as a host for the life cycle of many different parasitic helminths.
Table 5.4 Major helminths of humans and their modes of transmission.