1. Memory Addresses

2. How Memory Addresses Are Used

3. How Memory Addresses Are Used
Applies to DOS and Windows 9x only
Windows NT and Windows 2000 use a different memory-mapping design

5. Memory Addresses Are assigned during the boot process
BIOS or real-mode device drivers may only work if given a specific group of addresses (usually in the upper memory range between 640K and 1024K)
Shadowing ROM (aka shadow RAM)
ROM programming code copied into RAM to speed up system operation because of faster access speed of RAM

6. Input/Output Addresses
Numbers used by devices and the CPU to manage communication between them
Also called port addresses or ports

7. Input/Output Addresses

8. Interrupt Request Numbers and I/O Addresses for Devices
continued

9. Interrupt Request Numbers and I/O Addresses for Devices

10. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels
A shortcut method whereby an I/O device can send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU

11. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels

12. Tying It All Together
To allocate system resources and use them to manage hardware devices, at startup a hardware device is assigned:
An IRQ by which it can signal the CPU that it needs attention
Some I/O addresses by which the CPU and the device can communicate
Some memory addresses that indicate where the program to manage the device can be stored
Perhaps a DMA channel to speed up sending its data to memory

15. Configuration Data and How It Is Stored
Also called setup information
Information about the computer’s hardware
Stored in one of these devices:
DIP switches
CMOS setup chip
Jumpers

16. Setup Data Stored by DIP Switches

17. Setup Data Stored on a CMOS Chip

18. Setup Data Stored by Jumpers

19. Passwords Stored on CMOS
Startup password
Required by computer during boot process to gain access to the PC
Also called power-on password

20. Protecting Data, Software, and Hardware
Saving and restoring setup information in CMOS
Keeping OS rescue disks
Backing up the hard drive
Documentation
Damage from electricity

21. Saving and Restoring Setup Information in CMOS
Two common utility software programs for backing up setup information to a disk to be used to recover lost setup information
Nuts & Bolts
Norton Utilities

22. Saving Setup Information Using Nuts & Bolts

23. Saving Setup Information Using Nuts & Bolts

24. Saving Setup Information Using Norton Utilities

25. Saving Setup Information Using Norton Utilities

26. Saving Setup Information Using Norton Utilities

27. Keeping OS Rescue Disks
Allows you to boot a computer
Essential for every computer

28. Backing Up Your Hard Drive
Backup
An extra copy of a file or files made to a different location or storage media
Backup policy depends on what you are backing up

29. Documentation
Keep hardware and software documentation well labeled in a safe place

30. Damage from Electricity
Computers and data can be destroyed by two kinds of electricity
Static electricity (ESD or electrostatic discharge)
Power spikes, including lightning
Practical protection against damage
Never touch the inside of a computer when it is turned on
Be grounded when computer is on
Use devices for protection against electrical surges and lightning

31. Chapter Summary
How individual computer components work together to perform tasks