1. Chapter 14
Objectives
Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic and immune systems.
Learn basic terminology, combining forms, and other word parts related to these systems.
Recognize terms describing pathologic conditions.
Identify laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

2. Lymphatic & Immune System
The lymphatic & immune systems are consider together in this chapter because aspects of their functions in the body are very closely related.
Chapter 14
Pages 547 – 578

3. Vocabulary Pages 555 – 556 adaptive immunity cytokines adenoids
cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)
antibody
dendritic cell
antigen
helper T cell (CD4+ T cell)
axillary nodes
B cell (B lymphocyte)
humoral immunity
cell-mediated immunity
immunity
cervical nodes
complement system
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (ă-DĀP-tĭv ĭ-MŪ-nĭ-tē) The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and form antibodies and lymphocytes against that antigen
EXAMPLE: Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
ADENOIDS (ĂD-ĕ-noydz) Masses of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
ANTIBODY (ĂN-tĭ-bŏ-dē) Protein produced in the bloodstream by lymphocytes [B cells] in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or toxin; antibodies destroy or weaken antigens
ANTIGEN (ĂN-tĭ-jĕn) Substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response.
EXAMPLE: proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.
AXILLARY NODES (ĂKS-ĭ-lăr-ē nōdz) Lymph nodes under the arm [armpit]
B CELL (B sĕl) A lymphocyte that originates in bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies; Also known as B lymphocyte.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (sĕl mē-dē-Ā-tĕd ĭ-MŪN-ĭ-tē) a type of adaptive immunity – T cells [cytotoxic, helper and suppressor] that respond to antigens and destroy them
CERVICAL NODES (SĔR-vĭ-kl nōdz) Lymph nodes in the neck region.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM (CŎM-plĕ-mĕnt SĭS-tĕm) Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target
CYTOKINES (SĪ-tō-kĭnz) Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction.
EXAMPLE: interferons and interleukins.
CYTOTOXIC T CELL (sī-tō-TŎK-sĭk T sĕl) lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells; T8 cell [CD8+]
DENDRITIC CELL (dĕn-DRĬ-tĭk sĕl) A type of macrophage that captures antigens and presents them to T and B cells for destruction
HELPER T CELL (HĔL-pĕr T sĕl) Lymphocyte that aids a B cell lymphocyte in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production; Also called T cell [CD4+]
HUMORAL IMMUNITY (HŪ-mĕr-ăl ĭm-MŪN-ĭ-tē) a type of adaptive immunity; B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
IMMUNITY (ĭm-MŪN-ĭ-tē) Body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs; Comes from Latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from.
EXAMPLE: natural immunity and acquired immunity.

4. Vocabulary (cont’d) Pages 555 – 557 immunoglobulins lymphoid organs
immunotherapy
lymph node
inguinal nodes
lymph vessel
interferons
macrophage
interleukins
mediastinal nodes
interstitial fluid
mesenteric nodes
lymph
monoclonal antibody
lymph capillaries
IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ĭm-ū-nō-GLŎB-ū-lĭnz) Antibodies [proteins] secreted by plasma cells [mature B cells] in response to the presence of an antigen.
EXAMPLE: IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD
IMMUNOTHERAPY (ĭ-mū-nō-THĔR-ă-pē) Use of immunologic techniques [immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines] to treat or prevent disease
INGUINAL NODE (ĬNG-gwĭ-năl nōd) Lymph node in the groin region
INTERFERONS (ĭn-tĕr-FĔR-ŏnz) Anti-viral proteins [cytokines] secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response.
INTERLEUKINS (ĭn-tĕr-LOO-kĭnz) Proteins [cytokines] that stimulate the immune system including growth of B & T cell lymphocytes
INTERSTITIAL FLUID (ĭn-tĕr-STĬSH-ăl FLOO-ĭd) Fluid that fills the spaces in between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.
LYMPH (lĭmf) Thin, watery fluid that circulates within lymph vessels and lymph nodes; collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin lympha means clear spring water.
LYMPH CAPILLARIES (lĭmf KĂP-ĭ-lă-rēz) Tiny lymph vessels that carry lymph through the body
LYMPHOID ORGANS (LĬM-foid ŎR-gănz) Organs containing and derived from lymphatic tissue
EXAMPLE: spleen, thymus gland and lymph nodes
LYMPH NODE (lĭmf nōd) Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] that fight infection.
LYMPH VESSEL (lĭmf VĔS-ĕl) Carries lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
MACROPHAGE (MĂK-rō-făj) Large phagocyte found in lymphatic nodes and other tissues of the body; derived from a monocyte – Phag/o means to eat or swallow.
MEDIASTINAL NODES (mē-dē-ăs-TĪ-năl nōdz) Lymph nodes in the mediastinum [central area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity]
MESENTERIC NODES (mĕs-ĕn-TĔR-ĭk nōdz) Lymph nodes in the mesentery [intestinal region]
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (mŏn-ō-KLŌ-năl ĂN-tĭ-bŏd-ē) Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack/destroy specific antigens; useful in immunotherapy.

5. Vocabulary (cont’d) Pages 555 – 557 natural immunity tolerance
paraaortic nodes
thoracic duct
plasma cell
thymus gland
right lymphatic duct
tonsils
spleen
toxin
suppressor T cell (Treg)
vaccination
T cell (T lymphocyte)
vaccine
NATURAL IMMUNITY (NĂ-tū-răl ĭm-MŪ-nĭ-tē) Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer [NK] cells; It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory
PARAAORTIC NODES (pă-ră-Ā-ŏr-tĭk nōdz) Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
PLASMA CELL (PLĂZ-mă sĕl) Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT (rīt lĭm-FĂ-tĭk dŭkt) Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body; It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck.
SPLEEN (splēn) Organ adjacent to the stomach [in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)] that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells, and activates lymphocytes
SUPPRESSOR T CELL (sŭ-PRĔ-sŏr T sĕl) Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cell lymphocytes; Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
T CELL (T sĕl) Lymphocyte originating in the thymus gland and destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens; Also called T lymphocyte.
TOLERANCE (TŎL-ĕr-ăntz) The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as ''self'' or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body.
THORACIC DUCT (thō-RĂ-sĭk dŭkt) Large lymphatic vessel in the upper chest that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck.
THYMUS GLAND (THĪ-mŭs glănd) Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that produces T cell lymphocytes and conditions them to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
TONSILS (TŎN-sĭlz) Masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth [oropharynx]
TOXIN (TŎK-sĭn) Poison or harmful substance; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.
VACCINATION (văk-sĭ-NĀ-shŭn) A type of acquired immunity; Introduction of a vaccine (containing dead or weakened antigen) to produce immunity. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow—the first inoculations were given with organisms that caused the disease cowpox to produce immunity to smallpox.
VACCINE (văk-SĒN) Weakened or dead antigens, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

6. Combining Forms Pages 558 – 559 immun/o lymph/o lymphaden/o protection
Meaning Examples
immun/o lymph/o lymphaden/o
protection
lymph
lymph node (gland)
autoimmune disease, immunoglobulin, immunosuppression
lymphopoiesis, lymphedema, lymphocytopenia, lymphocytosis, lymphoid
lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE (aw-tō-ĭ-MŪN dĭ-ZĒZ) Chronic disabling disease caused by the abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues.
EXAMPLE: multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
SYMPTOM: inflammation of joints, skin rash, and fever.
TREATMENT: Glucocorticoid drugs (prednisone) and other immunosuppressants (azathioprine, methotrexate) → these make patients susceptible to infection IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ĭm-ū-nō-GLŎB-ū-lĭnz) Antibodies [proteins] secreted by plasma cells [mature B cells] in response to the presence of an antigen.
EXAMPLE: IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (ĭm-ū-nō-sŭ-PRĔ-shŭn) Blocking or turning off the normal immune response; may occur because of exposure to drugs (corticosteroids) or as the result of disease (AIDS and cancer). Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to infection with fungi, Pneumocystis bacteria, and other pathogens.
LYMPHOPOIESIS (lĭm-fō-poy-Ē-sĭs) Formation of lymphocytes
LYMPHEDEMA (lĭmf-ĕ-DĒ-mă) Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph; Interstitial fluid collects within the spaces between cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy may destroy lymphatics and produce lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatment. LYMPHOCYTOPENIA (lĭm-fō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă) Deficiency of lymphocytes
LYMPHOCYTOSIS (lĭm-fō-sī-TŌ-sĭs) Increase in numbers of lymphocytes in the bloodstream
LYMPHOID (LĬM-foid ŎR-gănz) containing and derived from lymphatic tissue; Lymphoid organs include spleen, thymus gland and lymph nodes
LYMPHADENOPATHY (lĭm-făd-ĕ-NŎP-ăh-thē) Disease of lymph nodes
LYMPHADENITIS (lĭm-FĂH-dĕ-nī-tĭs) Inflammation of lymph nodes

7. Combining Forms (Cont’d)
Pages 558 – 559
Combining Forms (Cont’d)
Meaning Examples
splen/o thym/o tox/o
spleen
thymus gland
poison
splenomegaly, splenectomy , asplenia, hypersplenism
thymectomy
toxic
SPLENOMEGALY (splĕ-nō-MĔG-ă-lē) Enlargement of the spleen
SPLENECTOMY (splĕ-NĔK-tō-mē) Removal of the spleen
ASPLENIA (ā-SPLĒN-ē-ă) No spleen; condition may be congenital or result from surgical removal. HYPERSLENISM (hī-pĕr-SPLĔN-ĭzm) Syndrome of splenomegaly [spleen enlargement] and hemolysis [destruction of red blood cells], anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
THYMECTOMY (thī-MĔK-tō-mē) Removal of the thymus gland
TOXIC (TŎK-sĭk) Pertaining to a toxin, which is a poison or harmful substance 

8. Prefixes Page 559 ana- inter- again, anew between anaphylaxis
Meaning Examples
ana- inter-
again, anew
between
anaphylaxis
interstitial fluid
ANAPHYLAXIS (ăn-ă-fă-LĂK-sĭs) Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance; can be life-threatening; The suffix -phylaxis means protection
SYMPTOM: fall in blood pressure (hypotension), shock, respiratory distress, and edema (swelling) of the larynx.
TREATMENT: airways are kept open and administration of epinephrine and antihistamines
INTERSTITIAL FLUID (ĭn-tĕr-STĬSH-ăl FLOO-ĭd) Fluid that fills the spaces in between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries. The suffix -stitial means pertaining to standing or positioned.

9. Pathology: Immunodeficiency
Pages 559 – 561
Pathology: Immunodeficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
Opportunistic infections
Malignancies – Kaposi sarcoma, wasting syndrome
SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE (sĕ-VĒR kŏm-BĪND ĭm-ū-nō-dĕ-FĬSH-ĕn-sē dĭ-ZĒZ) immunodeficiency disorder present at birth; Infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity. The thymus is small, and children have little or no protection against infection.
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (ă-KWĪRD ĭm-ū-nō-dĕ-FĬSHĕn-sē SĬN-drōm) Depression or suppression of the immune system after exposure to the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HŪ-măn ĭm-ū-nō-dĕ-FĬSH-ĕn-sē VĪ-rŭs) [HIV] Virus (retrovirus). HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills helper T cells bearing this protein. A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when they have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
AIDS is marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
Table 14-2 → OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS (ŏp-pŏr-tū-NĬS-tĭk ĭn-FĔK-shŭnz):
CANDIDIASIS (kăn-dĭ-DĪ-ă-sĭs) Yeast-like fungus (Candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin.
CRYPTOCOCCAL INFECTION (krĭp-tō-kŏ-KŌ-sĭs) [Crypto] Yeast-like fungus (Cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil.
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (krĭp-tō-spŏr-ĭ-dī-Ō-sĭs) Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. The pathogen, Cryptosporidium, is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION (sī-dŏ-MĔG-ă-lō-VĪ-rŭs) [CMV] Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised.
HERPES SIMPLEX (HĔR-pēz) Viral infection that causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals.
COMPLICATION: encephalitis.
HISTOPLASMOSIS (hĭs-TŌ-plăz-mō-sĭs) [Histo] Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
SYMTPOM: fever, chills, and lung infection.
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM-INTRACELLULARE [MAI] COMPLEX INFECTION (mī-kō-BĂK-tĭ-rē-ŭm ) Bacterial disease which everyone has but it only manifests when you have a compromised immune system
SYMPTOM: fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections.
PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (nū-MŌ -sĭs-tĭs nū-MŌ-nē-ă) [PCP] One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of several antibiotics, or pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent occurrence of PCP.
TOXOPLASMOSIS (TŎK-sō-plăz-mō-sĭs) [Toxo] Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in half of the body), and seizures. Pathogen (Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables.
TUBERCULOSIS (tū-bĕr-kū-lō-sĭs) [TB] Bacterial disease involving the lungs, brain, and other organs.
ETIOLOGY: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
SYMPTOM: fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum.
Malignancies associated with AIDS are 
KAPOSI SARCOMA (KĂ-pō-sē (or kă-PŌS-sē) săr-KŌ-mă) Malignant skin lesions associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules.
LYMPHOMA (lĭm-FŌ-mă) Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
WASTING SYNDROME (WĀST-ĭng SĬN-drōm) Weight loss and decrease in muscle strength, appetite, and mental activity that occurs with AIDS
TRANSMISSION: three routes: sexual contact, blood inoculation (through sharing of contaminated needles, accidental needlesticks, or contact with contaminated blood or blood products), and passage of the virus from infected mothers to their newborns. 
HIV is found in blood, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions, saliva, and other body fluids.
SYMPTOM: HIV-infected patients may remain asymptomatic for as long as 10 years; lymphadenopathy, neurologic disease, oral thrush (fungal infection), night sweats, fatigue, and evidence of opportunistic infections.
TREATMENT: medications →
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (rē-VĔRS-trăns-SCRĬPT-āz ĭn-HĬB-ĭ-tŏrz) [RTI] Drugs that treat AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
EXAMPLE: zidovudine and lamivudine (Epivir).
PROTEASE INHIBITORS (PRŌ-tē-ās ĭn-HĬB-ĭ-tŏrz) Drugs used to treat AIDS by blocking production of protease, an enzyme that helps HIV to reproduce
Use of combinations of protease inhibitors (nelfinavir, amprenavir) and RTIs is called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). This treatment has in many cases abolished evidence of viral infection in affected people.

10. Hypersensitivity Page 562
Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen
Ranges from
Allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis
Other allergies:
Atopic dermatitis
Asthma
Urticaria
ALLERGY (ĂL-ĕr-jē) Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an ALLERGEN (ĂL-ĕr-jĕn) [Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity in a body; an antigen].
Allergic (all/o = other) reactions occur when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen), reacts violently to a subsequent exposure.
This reaction varies in intensity from allergic rhinitis or hay fever (caused by pollen or animal dander) to systemic anaphylaxis [extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body].
EXAMPLE: asthma (pollens, dust, molds), hives (caused by food or drugs), and atopic dermatitis (rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals).
ATOPY (ĂT-ō-pē) Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition; A person who is atopic is prone to allergies. From the Greek atopia, meaning strangeness.

11. Page 562
Malignancies
Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma: malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
Thymoma: malignant tumor of the thymus
LYMPHOMA (lĭm-FŌ-mă) Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue
There are many types of lymphoma, varying according to the particular cell type and degree of differentiation. Some examples are:
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (HŎJ-kĭn lĭm-FŌ-mă) Malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes.
SYMPTOM: lymphadenopathy(lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite.
DIAGNOSES: identifying a type of malignant cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) in the lymph nodes.
TREATMENT: If localized, the treatment may be radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
If widespread, chemotherapy is given alone.
There is a very high probability of cure with available treatments. 
PICTURE
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (nŏn-HŎJ-kĭn lĭm-FŌ-ma) Malignant tumor of cells [lymphocytes and large macrophages called histocytes] found in lymph nodes and spleen. (mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies)
EXAMPLE: follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) and large cell lymphoma(composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely).
TREATMENT: Chemotherapy may cure or stop the progress of this disease
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MŬLT-ĭ-bl mī-ĕ-LŌ-mă) Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells [tumor composed of plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins]
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is another disorder of malignant B cells.
This disease involves B cells that produce large quantities of IgM (a globulin of high molecular weight). Increased IgM concentration impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome (thickening of the blood).
THYMOMA (thī-MŌ-mă) Malignant tumor of the thymus gland; associated with a neuromuscular disorder, myasthenia gravis.
COMPLICATION: autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and red cell aplasia. TREATMENT: Surgery; postoperative radiation therapy is used for patients with evidence of spread of the tumor.

12. Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Pages 564 – 565
Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
CD4+ cell count
ELISA
Immunoelectrophoresis
viral load test
computed tomography (CT) scan
LABORATORY TESTS
CD4+ CELL (CD4 PŎS-ĭ-tĭv sĕl) Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells. If the CD4+ count falls below 250 to 200, it is recommended to start treatment with anti-HIV drugs.
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY [ELISA] (ĕ-LĪ-ză) Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in blood; begin to appear within 2 weeks of infection with HIV → screening test for AIDS. If the result of this test is positive, it is confirmed with a WESTERN BLOT (WĔS-tĕrn blŏt) more specific test to detect presence of anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream.
IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS (ĭm-ū-nō-ē-lĕk-trō-phŏr-Ē-sĭs) Laboratory test that separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgA) looks for of abnormal levels of antibodies
DIAGNOSES: conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
VIRAL LOAD TEST (vī-răl lōd tĕst) Measures the amount of HIV in the blood stream
Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA (nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
CT SCAN – X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures. These x-ray views show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.

13. Abbreviations Page 565 AIDS Histo NHL CD4+ cell HIV PCP CD8+ cell HSVPI
CMV
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
RTI
Crypto
SCID
IL1 to IL38
ELISA
Treg KS
G-CSF
Toxo
MAI
GM-CSF
MoAb
HAART
AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CD4+ cell = helper T cell
CD8+ cell = cytotoxic T cell
CMV = cytomegalovirus—causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
Crypto = Cryptococcus—causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay—test to detect anti-HIV antibodies
G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor—cytokine that promotes neutrophil production
GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor—cytokine secreted by macrophages to promote growth of myeloid progenitor cells and their differentiation to granulocytes
HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy—use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
Histo = histoplasmosis—fungal infection seen in AIDS patients
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus—causes AIDS
HSV = herpes simplex virus
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM = immunoglobulins
IL1 to IL38 = interleukins
KS = Kaposi sarcoma
MAI = Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex—group of pathogens that cause lung and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients
MoAb = monoclonal antibody
NHL = non-Hodgkin lymphoma
PCP = Pneumocystis pneumonia—opportunistic AIDS-related infection
PI = protease inhibitor
RTI = reverse transcriptase inhibitor—for example, zidovudine (Retrovir) or lamivudine (Epivir)
SCID = severe combined immunodeficiency disease
Treg = regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)
Toxo = toxoplasmosis—parasitic infection associated with AIDS