1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the kidney.
cortex
medulla
columns
pelvis
Answer: d. pelvis
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3. Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the kidney.
cortex
medulla
columns
pelvis
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4. What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?
1/1000
1/2
1/4
3/4
Answer: c. 1/4
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5. What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute?
1/1000
1/2
1/4
3/4
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6. The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the _______.
glomerular capsule
renal tubule
glomerulus
nephron
Answer: c. glomerulus
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7. The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the _______.
glomerular capsule
renal tubule
glomerulus
nephron
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8. The urine-forming units of the kidney are the _______.
glomerular capsules
renal tubules
glomeruli
nephrons
Answer: d. nephrons
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9. The urine-forming units of the kidney are the _______.
glomerular capsules
renal tubules
glomeruli
nephrons
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10. Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop
Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin segment of the nephron loop
Thick segment of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: b. Thin segment of the nephron loop
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11. Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop
Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin segment of the nephron loop
Thick segment of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
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12. The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney?
Glomeruli
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Afferent arterioles
Cortical nephrons
Answer: b. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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13. The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney?
Glomeruli
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Afferent arterioles
Cortical nephrons
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14. mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of _______ cells from the afferent arteriole and the _______ cells of the DCT.
mesangial; filtration
filtration; mesangial
granular; macula densa
macula densa; granular
Answer: c. granular; macula densa
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15. mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of _______ cells from the afferent arteriole and the _______ cells of the DCT.
mesangial; filtration
filtration; mesangial
granular; macula densa
macula densa; granular
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16. The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds?
The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous.
All of the above contribute.
Answer: d. All of the above contribute.
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17. The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds?
The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated.
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole.
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous.
All of the above contribute.
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18. How would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?
Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower.
Too much protein in the diet would abolish all filtration.
High blood pressure from increased plasma proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal rate.
Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys would suffer damage.
Answer: a. Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower.
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19. How would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration?
Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower.
Too much protein in the diet would abolish all filtration.
High blood pressure from increased plasma proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal rate.
Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys would suffer damage.
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20. The afferent arterioles would constrict.
What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?
The afferent arterioles would constrict.
The afferent arterioles would dilate.
The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin release.
The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood pressure changes.
Answer: a. The afferent arterioles would constrict.
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21. The afferent arterioles would constrict.
What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?
The afferent arterioles would constrict.
The afferent arterioles would dilate.
The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin release.
The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood pressure changes.
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22. Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective:
for renin secretion.
when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg.
at releasing epinephrine.
when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg.
Answer: d. when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg.
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23. Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective:
for renin secretion.
when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg.
at releasing epinephrine.
when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg.
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24. systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation
Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating _______.
systemic blood pressure
cardiac output
urine formation
red blood cell production
Answer: a. systemic blood pressure
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25. systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation
Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating _______.
systemic blood pressure
cardiac output
urine formation
red blood cell production
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26. Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b
Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin system?
Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation
Lowering blood sodium levels
Both a and b
Answer: d. Both a and b
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27. Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b
Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin system?
Water conservation
Blood pressure elevation
Lowering blood sodium levels
Both a and b
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28. The volume would increase.
What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited?
The volume would increase.
The volume would decrease, then quickly resume
The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration.
The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration.
Answer: a. The volume would increase.
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29. The volume would increase.
What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited?
The volume would increase.
The volume would decrease, then quickly resume
The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration.
The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration.
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30. Where does primary active transport of sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule cells?
Apical membrane
Basolateral membrane
Lateral membrane
Endothelial membrane
Answer: b. Basolateral membrane
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31. Where does primary active transport of sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule cells?
Apical membrane
Basolateral membrane
Lateral membrane
Endothelial membrane
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32. Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus?
Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.
Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose.
When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine.
Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.
Answer: a. Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.
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33. Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus?
Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.
Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose.
When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine.
Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon.
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34. Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?
Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at potassium-specific pumps.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously reabsorbing potassium.
High levels of potassium accompany high levels of sodium.
Answer: b. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium.
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35. Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?
Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at potassium-specific pumps.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium.
Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously reabsorbing potassium.
High levels of potassium accompany high levels of sodium.
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36. Countercurrent multiplication
Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?
Secretion
Reabsorption
Filtration
Countercurrent multiplication
Answer: a. Secretion
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37. Countercurrent multiplication
Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH?
Secretion
Reabsorption
Filtration
Countercurrent multiplication
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38. Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen?
Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
Answer: d. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
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39. Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen?
Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain.
Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption.
Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion.
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
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40. Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma?
The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid.
Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.
The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity.
Both a and b occur.
Answer: d. Both a and b occur.
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41. Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma?
The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid.
Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid.
The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity.
Both a and b occur.
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42. How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?
ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.
ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.
Answer: c. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.
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43. How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?
ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water.
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.
ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.
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44. What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation?
The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic gradient.
The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.
The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule.
The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid
Answer: b. The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.
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45. What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation?
The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic gradient.
The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt.
The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule.
The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid
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46. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.
When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug?
It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.
It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the kidney.
It is used to determine the healing rate of an infection.
All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate.
Answer: a. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.
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47. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.
When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug?
It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs.
It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the kidney.
It is used to determine the healing rate of an infection.
All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate.
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48. Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine?
Sodium
Potassium
Urea
Creatine
Answer: c. Urea
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49. Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine?
Sodium
Potassium
Urea
Creatine
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50. brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein
Urine from a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to the presence of _______.
brown color; bile pigments
fruity odor; acetone
acidic pH; protein
high specific gravity; sodium chloride
Answer: b. fruity odor; acetone
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51. brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein
Urine from a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to the presence of _______.
brown color; bile pigments
fruity odor; acetone
acidic pH; protein
high specific gravity; sodium chloride
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52. Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter?
Muscularis
Mucosa
Adventitia
Endothelium
Answer: d. Endothelium
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53. Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter?
Muscularis
Mucosa
Adventitia
Endothelium
Answer: d. Endothelium
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54. The wall contains smooth muscle.
Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly?
The wall contains smooth muscle.
The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder empties.
The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.
When emptied, the digestive viscera compress the bladder.
Answer: c. The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.
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55. The wall contains smooth muscle.
Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly?
The wall contains smooth muscle.
The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder empties.
The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.
When emptied, the digestive viscera compress the bladder.
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56. The process of voiding the bladder is called _______.
micturition
the urethral reflex
detrusor activation
incontinence
Answer: a. micturition
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57. The process of voiding the bladder is called _______.
micturition
the urethral reflex
detrusor activation
incontinence
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58. Males have three urethral sphincters.
What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra?
Males have three urethral sphincters.
The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.
The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis.
The female urethra is much longer than a male’s.
Answer: b. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.
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59. Males have three urethral sphincters.
What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra?
Males have three urethral sphincters.
The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.
The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis.
The female urethra is much longer than a male’s.
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60. Which of the following is not a change that occurs with old age?
The bladder shrinks
The number of nephrons decreases
Loss of bladder tone
Nocturia decreases
Answer: d. Nocturia decreases
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61. Which of the following is not a change that occurs with old age?
The bladder shrinks
The number of nephrons decreases
Loss of bladder tone
Nocturia decreases
Answer: d. decreases
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