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Class Aves 1
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Fig. 27.2 2
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The Origin of Birds Most paleontologists agree that the common ______________ of all existing birds was a type of small, feathered ______________. Recent _________ discoveries of feathered dinosaurs in China _________ this hypothesis. Caudipteryx zoui Sinornithosaurus millenii Microraptor gui 3
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Caudipteryx Feathered dinosaur ________________ Transitional fossil
Only front of upper jaw _______ feathers 5
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Archaeopteryx Represents an animal that lived about ______ million years ago. Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had __________ forelimbs, _________, and a long tail with vertebrae—all ____________ characteristics. In fact, if the _____________ had not been preserved in the fossil, Archaeopteryx probably would have been identified as a small dinosaur. 6
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Fig. 27.7b 7
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Evolution of Flight Running Hypothesis
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Microraptor gui 9
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Evolution of Flight Gliding Hypothesis
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A Separate Taxon? ________________ and ___________ evidence has convinced most biologists that birds are actually reptiles. The evidence indicates that crocodilians and birds are more ___________ related to each other than either one of them is to snakes and lizards. 11
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Class Aves Feathers _____ teeth Flexible long ________
_________ on legs Bones with _____ spaces ________________ ________ chambered heart 12
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Characteristics of Birds
Bony __________, no teeth Large muscular ____________ ____________ – walk on two legs Large, yolked, hard-shelled, ____________ eggs The parent bird provides extensive _______ of the young until it is grown Strong, lightweight ____________ Specialized adaptations for ___________: Keratinous ____________ (modified scales) that function in both flight and insulation Specialized ________ shape that produces lift Numerous weight-reducing features 13
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Internal Anatomy
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Adaptations for Flight
Honey combed __________ ______ cavities Less weight 15
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Adaptations for Flight
Reduce __________ weight No teeth No urinary ______________ No penis Only ______ ovary 16
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Frigate bird 7 foot wing span 4 ounce skeleton 17
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Wings Most birds have ________________ wings.
Wing _________ is closely related to wing _______________. 18
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Adaptations for Flight
Wing _____ 19
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Adaptations for Flight
____________ Light weight Strong 20
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Adaptations for Flight
Enlarged ____________ Flight muscle attachment Long __________ balance 22
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11-25 ____________ Vertebrae
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Fig. 27.7a 24
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_____________ – support for tail
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Skull Most bones fused Much ___________ than reptile or mammal skull
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Flying Styles Different styles of flying:
Cardinals and finches rapidly _____________ altitude as they fly, a behavior that helps them avoid _____________. Falcons and albatrosses are hunting birds that _________, using their wings to gain altitude and then _________ on air currents without flapping. Hummingbirds flap their wings as many as ____ times per second, enabling them to _________. Penguins are _____________ diving birds that use the same basic flight stroke to swim. Chickens belong to a group of birds that can fly _________ distances, but are incapable of long flights. Ostriches, emus, and kiwis _________ fly at all. 27
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High Metabolic Rate Birds have a system of branching _____ __________ that function with their lungs in respiration. The system of air sacs supplies the ______ levels of oxygen needed to support a high rate of _______________ for the hard-working flight muscles. This high metabolic activity also provides heat for _______________. 28
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Respiratory System ________ air sacs
Connect to ________ and centers of ________ ________ the bird ________ air always moving No dead ends as in mammals Each wing beat ________ air Never run out of air 29
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Circulatory System Bird circulatory systems ______________ deliver oxygen to cells. Like amphibians and reptiles, birds have _______ pathways of blood flow: one from the heart to the _______ and back, and the other from the heart to the rest of the _______ and back. Unlike amphibians and most reptiles, birds have a _______-chambered heart with two separate ventricles that keep oxygen-rich blood from the lungs separate from the oxygen-depleted blood that passes through the heart. 30
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Digestive System Crop ____________ Proventriculus Enzymes Grind food
Waste Reproduction 31
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Vision Up to 8 times _______________ than human vision
Each eye moves _________________ 32
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Avian Reproduction In the males of species without a ___________, sperm is stored within the __________________ compartment within the _________ prior to copulation. During __________________, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either _________ the female from behind or moves very close to her. He moves the opening of his _________, or vent, close to hers, so that the sperm can enter the female's cloaca, in what is referred to as a cloacal kiss. This can happen very fast, sometimes in _________ than one second.
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Avian Reproduction The sperm is __________ in the female's cloaca for anywhere from a ________ to a ________, depending on the species of bird. Then, one by one, ________ will descend from the female's ovaries and become fertilized by the male's ________, before being subsequently laid by the female. The eggs will then continue their ________________ in the nest.
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Avian Reproduction Many ______________ and some other birds, such as the ostrich and turkey, do possess a _________. Except during copulation, it is _________ within the proctodeum compartment within the _________, just inside the ______. The avian phallus differs from the mammalian ______ in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a ____________ organ and is not used for dispelling ______.
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Female Fig 36
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Male
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Chicks ________________ No feathers Cannot walk or ______
___________ feed themselves Down feathers _____ walk and see _____ feed themselves 38
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Beak Adaptations Also called “_______” Made of ___________
___________ function in breathing Variety of beak ___________ reflects a wide range of functions Beaks are not used for ___________, though some are used to break food into smaller pieces 40
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Beak Adaptations Ripping flesh 41
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Beak Adaptations Eating seeds 42
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Beak Adaptations Sucking nectar from flowers 43
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Beak Adaptations Drilling wood 44
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Beak Adaptations Catching fish 45
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Beak Adaptations Basket-like bill to hold fish caught under water 46
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Beak Adaptations Filtering 47
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Foot Adaptations Various birds use their feet for _____________, perching on branches, _____________, paddling through water, _____________ food, in defense, and in some __________________ rituals Most bird feet are covered in ________ Most birds have _____ toes on each foot, though the arrangement varies from species to species 49
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Benefits of Birds to Man
______ insects, rodents and weeds _________ seeds for flowers and trees _________ 51
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Fastest Animal Peregrine falcon Strikes prey at _____ mph 52
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Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species 53
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Order Anseriformes Flat _______ ______________ feet 54
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Order Apodiformes ________ bird ________ wingbeat Hummingbirds 55
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Hummingbirds Fly up, down, left, right, ______________ and ____________ down Wings beat _________ times per second Heart rate =_______ bpm Eat _______ body weight each day Nectar, pollen & insects 56
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Order Caprimulgiformes
Whippoorwills Owl-like ________ and plumage, but weak bill and feet beak with ________ gape ________________________
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Order Charadriiformes
Short ________ ____________ fliers Shorebirds Gulls 58
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Order Ciconiiformes Long ______ for wading Long ________
Chilean Flamingo White Stork Great Blue Heron 59
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Order Columbiformes ________ neck ________ legs Pigeons Doves 60
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Order Coraciiformes Kingfishers, todies, bee eaters, rollers
Large ________, large beak Metallic ___________ Bee Eaters.
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Order Cuculiformes Roadrunners, cuckoos Reversible __________ toe
Soft, tender _______
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Order Falconiformes ___________ bill _________ Eagle Hawk Falcon 63
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Order Galliformes Chicken like __________ beaks Heavy ________ Chicken
Turkey Pheasants Quail 64
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Order Gaviiformes Strong straight ________
____________ adaptations include legs far back on body Common Loons
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Order Gruiforms __________ Birds including cranes, limpkins, rails and coots Sarus Cranes
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Order Passeriformes _____________ foot Songbirds ________ species
Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays 67
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Order Pelecaniformes ________ sac 68
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Order Piciformes Two toes ______________ and two toes ______________
woodpeckers Toucans 69
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Order Podicipediformes
________ wings soft and dense plumage Feet _____________ with flattened nails. Western Grebe
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Oder Procellariiformes
Large ________ glands Long and Narrow Wings Amongst the most severely _______________ taxa worldwide Wandering Albatross – wing span 11’11”
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Order Psittaciformes Thick ___________
Hinged and movable _________ beak Bright ________ Parrots Parakeets Scarlet Macaw 72
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Order Sphenisciformes
_____________ feet Wings as used for _________________ penquins 73
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Order Strigiformes Large ________ Silent ___________
______________ predator Owls 74
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Order Struthioniformes
Large _________________ bird _____ toes 75
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Elephant Bird _________ feet tall ________ pounds Largest egg ever
________ in late 1600’s 76
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Giant Moa New Zealand Hunted to extinction about 1600 77
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The End Fig. 27.co 78
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