1. Leadership versus Management

2. Definitions Management (hand) = to handle or direct
Leadership (to go) = to provide guidance, especially the idea of going ahead (of seeing what lies ahead or visioning) and then guiding people forward

3. Similarities Influence Require person to work well with others
Effective goal attainment

4. Differences Historical evidence (Ancient Greeks vs. Industrialization)
Management developed to address groups of people working together (i.e., organizations) and to enhance goal attainment.
Fayol (1916) first identified the primary functions of management as:
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Controlling
The study of leadership goes back to Aristotle; whereas management as a concept evolved around the turn of the 20th century and industrialization.
Management was developed to rein in the chaos of groups of people attempting to work together (i.e., organizations) and to enhance an organization’s ability to reach its goals effectively and efficiently.

5. Kotter’s Differences Kotter (1990) argues quite dissimilar
Management’s main function is to produce order and consistency
Planning/budgeting
Organizing/staffing
Controlling/problem solving
Leadership’s main function is to produce change and movement
Vision building/strategizing
Aligning people/communicating
Motivating/inspiring
Kotter (1990) argues that management and leadership are quite dissimilar
Management’s main function is to produce order and consistency
Planning/budgeting
Organizing/staffing
Controlling/problem solving
Leadership’s main function is to produce change and movement
Vision building/strategizing
Aligning people/communicating
Motivating/inspiring

6. Planning & Budgeting Management Establishes detailed agendas
Sets timetables (months to years)
Allocates necessary resources to meet organizational objectives
Leadership
Direction setting (i.e., clarifying the big picture, building a long-term vision
Creating and setting strategy for organizational change

7. Organizing & Staffing Management
Structures work of individuals (i.e., establishes job descriptions)
Structures relationship of individual to org (rules and regulations)
Structures the physical work environment (layout of plant, office assignment, etc.)
Leadership
Communicating a vision to employees
Invoking a commitment
Building teams and coalitions to fulfill organizational mission

8. Controlling & Problem Solving
Management
Developing incentive systems (pay, awards)
Problem solving
Monitoring progress toward performance objectives
Taking corrective action when necessary
Leadership
Motivating and inspiring individuals
Empowering invididuals
Energizing them to meet unmet needs
Providing leadership and professional development through above

9. Evolution of Theories