1. EV Battery A Perspective from the OEM
(Original Equipment Manufacturer)
April 11 – 12, 2019
J. T. Guerin
Director of Energy Management & Charging Systems
Faraday Future
Waqar Hashim
Vehicle Line Executive and VP Program Management
Faraday Future

2. Important Attributes for EV Makers
Initial Cost
Energy density volumetric or mass based - Range
Charge time – Power KW
Battery Life / Wear Out
Useful life

3. Industry relationships
Trends
Bulk of battery production volume shifting from consumer electronics to EVs.
Use of scale to reduce cost per cell is the initial step for EV batteries.
Shift in technology will be the next step.

4. Initial Cost
EV batteries typically cost 30 to 50% of the total material cost of vehicle
Significant initial capital required to set up EV battery manufacturing operations

5. Manufacturing cost reduction primarily driven by automation and scale.
Initial Cost
There are significant opportunities to reduce battery cost.
Manufacturing cost reduction primarily driven by automation and scale.

6. Energy Density Volumetric or Mass Based - Range
Does Moore’s law also apply to battery energy density?.

7. Energy Density Volumetric or Mass Based - Range
Li-ion pricing and energy density
References: The Freedonia Group, Inc.  Barry Huret, president of battery consulting company Huret Associates Inc. in Yardley, Pa, USA (

8. Charge Time – Power KW
Range anxiety was one of the greatest barrier to entry on EVs besides cost.
Battery Power will continue to increase as consumers demand for greater driving range continues.

9. Charge Time – Power KW
Consumers have many choices to charge their EVs

10. Battery Life / Wear Out How long will the batteries last?
The question that is foremost in most potential electric vehicle purchasers in their decision process to purchase a car. 
To alleviate that concern most EV manufacturers offer some type of warranty that guarantees a minimum vehicle range that the vehicle will achieve over course of the time and miles.
How to vehicle manufacturers determine what that range can be after 10 years and 150k miles of operation?
What about performance after the battery’s life in the vehicle
How is it impacted by customer usage?

11. Li-Ion Cell Aging Mechanisms
Source: Birkl. Degradation Diagnostics for lithium ion cells Journal of Power Sources. Volume 341, 15 February 2017

12. Battery Life Modeling Methods
Multi-Physics Based
Empirical
Cell Calendar Life
vs. Open Circuit Voltage
vs. Temperature
Cell Cycle Life
vs. Voltage Operating Window
vs. Discharge Rate
Vs. Charge Rate
vs. Frequency of Fast Charge
Source: Smith, K. . Predictive Models of Li-Ion Battery Lifetime IEEE Conf on Reliability Science for Advance Materials and Devices, Sept 2014
General Motors
Design Considerations between the Spark EV and Bolt-EV June 2016
Battery Life Verification for the GM eAssist Hybrid System June 2012
Jaguar Land Rover
Development of Robust Real World Usage Cases for Electric Vehicles June 2016
BMW
Lifetime Simulation of HEV Batteries June 2013
Ford
Predicting Validating Battery Life in xEV Applications June 2016
Multiple DOEs 4 to 5+ Parameters
Time and Labor Intensive.
Models only as good as the data that drives the model
Projections are limited the in vehicle warranty period. 8 years/ 100k miles or 10 years / 10 years

13. Degradation Data
Different factors (or combination of factors) cause cells to wear differently.
No single degradation curve represents any single customer.
Degradation (cycle and calendar life) is aggregated against various customer use profiles
Example Customer: Southern California 50 mile round trip commute Level 2 charging at home daily Level 3 charging 1x month

14. Useful Life
Warranty Policy
What happens after 10 years/150k miles?

15. Useful Life
Creative secondary and tertiary use streams will create new business opportunities.

16. Backup