1. The Respiratory System

2. A. Functions
1. Smell receptor
2. Produces sound

4. 3. Gas exchange
4. Eliminates wastes

6. 5. Respiration
6. Filters air

8. B. The exchange of gases
1. Respiration is the exchange of gases
2. Processes
a. Pulmonary ventilation = breathing

11. b. External respiration - gas exchange
between environment and lungs
c. Internal respiration - gas exchange
between blood and cells

12. C Portions
1. Conducting - moves air into lungs
2. Respiratory - where gas exchange occurs

13.
Cow lungs 1:37

14. A. Nose
1. Structures
a. External internal nares  
b. Nasal cavity
c. Nasal septum
d. Olfactory epithelium
e. Nasal meatuses
f. Nasal conchae

15. 2. Functions
a. Warms, moistens,
filters incoming air
b. Receives olfactory
stimuli
c. Resonates sound

16. B. Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx – equalizes
pressure with the
Eustachian tube/ sweeps
dirty mucus down towards
mouth
2. Oropharynx – common
passageway for food and air
3. Common passageway for
food and air

17. C. Larynx - voice box
1. Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) –
covers the front and shapes it
2. Two mucus membrane folds - false
vocal cords (pressure stabilizers and
true vocal cords (ligaments that stretch
to make sounds from vibrations)

20.
Vocal cors 2:20

21. 2. Lined with mucus cilia and supported by cartilage
D. Trachea - windpipe
1. Passageway for air
2. Lined with mucus cilia and supported by cartilage

22. 3. Cilia move mucus up it to be swallowed

23. E. Bronchi
1. The 1st 2 divisions of the trachea
2. Primary bronchus divide into secondary tertiary bronchioles terminal
bronchioles – bronchial tree

25. 3. Rings of cartilage in the bronchi get replaced by strips that disappear in
the bronchioles. Smooth muscle increases as the cartilage decreases.

27. F. Lungs
1. Parts
a. Pleural membrane encloses and protects the lungs, 2 layers
inner visceral parietal with the pleural cavity in between
b. Base, apex, hilus

29. c. Lobes and fissures (grooves)
d. Lobules segments – lobules (has a lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule,
a terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar ducts several
alveolar sacs which have alveoli)

31. e. Alveoli are lined with squamous
epithelium for gas exchange and
septal cells to produce surfactant.
Surfactant prevents the thin walled
alveoli from sticking together.

34. A. Purpose is the supply oxygen and remove CO2 through 3 processes –
Respiration
A. Purpose is the supply oxygen and remove CO2 through 3 processes –
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration
B. Pulmonary ventilation - breathing

35. 1. Inspiration diaphragm contracts, flattens itself, lowers itself and
decreases pressure within the lung. External intercostal muscles
contract and open up the thoracic cavity.
a. Eupnea is normal, quiet breathing
2. Expiration is the opposite of inspiration

36. C. Pulmonary capacities
1. Tidal volume (TV):This is the amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing. It is
about 500 mL at rest.
2. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):This is the volume of air that can be inhaled into the lungs during normal
inspiration. It is about 1500 ml.
3. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): This is the total volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs forcefully
during normal expiration. It is about 1100ml.
4. Inspiratory capacity (IC):This is the amount of air that can be inspired with maximum effort. It consists of the tidal
volume (500 ml) plus the inspiratory reserve volume. IC = TV + IRV. It is about 2000ml
5. Functional residual capacity (FRC):This is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration. It is
equal to ERV+ RV= = 2300ml. The functional residual volume also prevents collapse of the alveoli on
expiration.
6. Residual volume (RV):This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after forceful expiration. It is about 1200ml.
7. Vital capacity (VC):This is the maximum volume of air which can be expired after forceful inspiration in single
breath. VC= TV+IRV+ERV= VC of athletes is more than normal person.
8. Total lung capacity (TLC): This is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold after forceful inspiration. It is
normally about ml in adult. LC = VC + RV.
9. Dead space: The lungs and the air passages are never empty. Out of 500ml of air inspired during normal
respiration, 350ml are exchanged across the walls of the alveolar ducts. About 150ml of air always remains in the
respiratory passage called as dead space.

40. D. Factors affecting respiration
1. Altitude
2. Surface area of the alveoli –
direct relationship

42. 3. Minute volume – direct relationship
4. Condition of respiratory passageways

44. E. Transport of
gases
1. Oxygen
a. Combines
with the
heme portion
of hemoglobin
to form
oxyhemoglobin
b. The amount
combining
depends on
temperature,
pH …

46. c. CO poisoning occurs because CO bonds with hemoglobin just as
O2, but more strongly.

47. 2. CO2
a. Is carried in blood dissolved, as carbaminohemoglobin, or as
bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions combine with water to form
carbonic acid.

49. F. Control of Respiration
1. Nervous control
a. Respiratory center in the brain stem

50. * Medullary rhythmicity area in medulla oblongata to controls basic rhythm    
* Pneumotaxic area in pons to coordinate in expiration by inhibiting inspiration
* Apneustic area in pons to coordinate in expiration by stimulating inspiration

52. 2. Body demands
a. Cerebral cortex you can hold your breath on purpose

54. b. Inflation reflex stretch receptors in the bronchi and lungs prevent
overinflation

55. c. Chemicals
CO2 - the H+ ion that it creates, changes blood pH. Hypercapnia, an
increase in CO2, increases the rate of breathing (hyperventilation),
to rid the body of the CO2. Hypoventilation is a slow rate of
respiration.

57. 3. Other factors – pain, emotions, temperature, weight, alcohol, drugs