1. Inducing sustainable behavior 1. Functionality matching
(Adapt the product to better meet users need)
2. Behavior adaptation
(Influence behavior through product design)
2.1 Eco-feedback
(Present user specific information of the impact of his/her current behavior)
2.2 Scripting
(Design the product to trigger sustainable use)
2.3 Forced functionality (Product automatically adapts to changing circumstances or has built-in obstacles to prevent unsustainable behavior)
Framework 1 -- Wever et al. (2008)

2. Framework 2 – Lilley (2009) USER guides change
1. Eco-
Feedback
Provide tangible, aural, visual,
or tactile signs as reminders to inform users of resource use
guides
change
2. Behavior
Steering
Encourage users to behave in ways
prescribed by the designer through
the embedded affordances and
constraints
maintains
change
power in decision making
3. Persuasive
Technology
Employ persuasive methods to
change what people think or do,
sometimes without their knowledge
or consent
ensures
change
PRODUCT
Framework 2 – Lilley (2009)

3. Conversation with force
1. Eco-information
Make consumables visible, understandable, and accessible to inspire users to reflect upon their use of resources
USER
Conversation
(inform the change)
Encourage users to think about their use behavior and to take responsibility of theirs actions by providing consumers with options
2. Eco-choice
Inform users clearly about what they are doing and facilitate environmentally and socially sustainable decisions by offering real-time feedback
3. Eco-feedback
Inspire users to explore more sustainable usage by providing rewords to “prompt” sustainable behavior or penalties to “punish” unsustainable usage
4. Eco-spur
power in decision making
Conversation with force
(maintain the change)
5. Eco-steer
Facilitate the adoption more environmentally or socially sustainable behaviors through prescriptions and/or constraints of use embedded in the product design
6. Eco-technology
Restrain existing habits and persuades/controls behavior automatically by design combined with advanced technology
Force
(ensure the change)
PRODUCT
SERVICE
SYSTEM
Automatically act environmentally or socially without raising awareness or changing user behavior purely through innovative product design
7. Clever-design
Framework 3 -- Bhamra et al. (2008) and Tang and Bhamra (2012)

4. Framework 4 -- Zachrisson and Boks (2010 e 2012)
User in control
Product in control
Informing
Persuading
Determining
Positive attitude
Positive
behavior
User’s attitude
Neutral
behavior
Negative attitude
Negative
behavior
Framework 4 -- Zachrisson and Boks (2010 e 2012)

5. Framework 5 -- Tromp et al. (2011)
11. Make the desired behavior the only possible behavior to perform
2. Make unacceptable user behavior overt
1. Create a perceivable barrier for undesired behavior
Strong (force)
9. Trigger human tendencies for automatic behavioral responses
3. Make the behavior a necessary activity to perform to make use for product function
Decisive
influence
Coercive
influence
Hidden
(salience)
Apparent
(salience)
Seductive
influence
Persuasive
influence
10. Create optimal conditions for a specific behavior
5. Suggest actions
4. Provide the user with arguments for specific behavior.
Weak (force)
8. Activate physiological processes to induce behavior
6. Trigger different motivations for the same behavior
7. Elicit emotions to trigger action tendencies
Framework 5 -- Tromp et al. (2011)

6. Persuasive (interaction) lens Visual (perceptual) lens
Error-proofing lens
LOGIC deviations from target behavior
are treated as ‘errors’
ARISES FROM health & safety-related design, medical device design and manufacturing engineering areas
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
Interlock: set things up so one action can’t be performed until another is completed (cash dispenser machine)
Persuasive (interaction) lens
LOGIC use systems with interfaces (computer, mobile phones, etc) to persuade users with information
ARISES FROM persuasive technology area
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
Progress bar: let users know their progress towards achieving a goal
Architectural lens
LOGIC use the structure of
systems to influence user’s behavior
ARISES FROM architecture, urban
planning, and traffic management areas
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
Conveyor belts: move users to where you want them to be (walkways in airport)
Design with Intent
(several strategies)
Cognitive lens
LOGIC influence user’s behavior by understanding how they make decisions (the effect of biases and heuristics)
ARISES FROM behavioral economics and cognitive psychology areas
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
Desire for order: use people’s desire for tidiness to influence them to rearrange elements or take actions you want them to .
Visual (perceptual) lens
LOGIC use forms, smells, sounds, textures, etc to influence users’ behavior
ARISES FROM semantics, semiotics, ecological psychology and Gestalt psychology areas
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
(A)symmetry: use symmetry to make elements look related or asymmetry to show difference and focus attention
Security Lens
LOGIC use countermeasures
to deter and/or prevent undesired behaviors
EXAMPLE OF STRATEGY
Peerveillance: let users know (or believe) that what they’re doing is visible to their peers
Framework 6 -- Lockton et al. (2010) and Lockton (