1. Global View of the Origin of Tropical Disturbance and Storms
報告：陳心穎
William M. Gray 1968: Monthly Weather Review, 96,

2. Introduction
Global climatology of storm development
Location and frequency of initially observed disturbances and storms

4. The average distance from the point of initial location of disturbance to hurricane intensity :
NE Pacific ~7° lat
NW Pacific~11° lat
North Indian Ocean~ 7° lat
The western of Caribbean~8° lat
The South Indian Ocean~ 7° lat
NW Atlantic ~10~70° long (from the west African coast)

6. disturbance
storm

7. Climatology of Equatorial Trough

9. Association of Equatorial trough with initial disturbance location

13. Climatology of potential buoyancy in lower half of the troposphere

15. Climatology of tropospheric vertical wind shear

19. Variability from climatology 3.Statistics of individual storm develop
Disturbance intensification Equatorward of 20° latitude
NW Pacific

20. NW Pacific

21. Western Indian Ocean
North Indian Ocean

22. South Pacific

23. Disturbance intensification poleward of 20° latitude

24. Three types of disturbance intensification
4.Statistical characterisitic of Ekman or friction veering of wind over the tropical oceans

25. 10~

26. Importance of vertical momentum transport by the cumulus up- and downdrafts

27. 6. Idealized portrayal of conditions associated with tropical-type disturbance intensification