1. Nervous System
Chapter

2. Spinal Cord Bundle of nerves Within vertebral canal
Bathed in cerebral spinal fluid
Branches to ennervate body

3. Meninges Covering protective layers Contains nourishing, O rich fluids
Isolates brain
Blood brain barrier
Blood vessel walls impermeable to large molecules
Dura mater
Hard outermost covering
Arachnoid
Spider
Inner surface of dura
Space filled with fluid
Pia mater
Innermost meninge
On surface of brain

4. Meninges

6. Dura Mater

7. Sagittal Sinus

8. Falx Cerebri

9. Falx Cerebri

10. Tentorium Cerebelli

11. Arachnoid mater

12. Ventricles Spaces Choroid plexus Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Cells & capillaries secrete fluid into ventricle
Produce cerebrospinal fluid
Support
Nutrients, Hormones, Oxygen
Waste products

13. Ventricles

16. Brain 1.4 Kg (~3 lbs) 98% of neural tissue 15-33 Billion neurons
10,000 synapses each
1 mm3 = 1 billion synapses
Contains processing centers

17. Brain Regions Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

18. Cerebrum Aka Telencephalon Cerebrum divided into 2 hemispheres
Cerebral hemispheres r/l
Outer surface of folds
Gyrus- ridge
Sulcus- depression
Deep folds
Fissures
Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus
Lobes
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

20. Cerebral Hemispheres

22. Central Sulcus

24. Grey Matter
Cell bodies of nerve cells
White matter
Axons

25. Cerebrum Function Conscious thoughts Sensations Intellectual functions
Memory storage & retrieval
Complex movements
Interpretation
Wernicke’s area
Emotions
Limbic system

27. Cerebrum Landmarks Located Anterior/posterior to central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex
Voluntary movement
Postcentral gyrus
Primary sensory cortex
Receives information

28. Somatosensory

30. Cerebrum Landmarks Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Speech
Physical coordination of speech organs
Wernicke’s area
Auditory association
Interpretation, language skills

32. Lateralization Pattern & face recognition
Spatial relationships, non verbal thinking, emotion processing
Language, math, logical operations, serial processing
Detail, speed optimized activities for muscle control & processing fine visual & auditory details

34. Corpus Callosum Connects 2 hemispheres Hemispheric lateralization
Largest white matter structure
million contralateral axonal projections
Conveys information between regions of brain
2 hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

37. Corpus Callosotomy
Symptoms of refractory epilepsy reduced by severing corpus callosum
Modern procedures sever anterior portion only
Regions between frontal and temporal lobes

38. Diencephalon Hollow Connected to cerebrum Contains
Pineal gland- internal clock
Thalmus
Relay & processing centers for sensory information
Receives auditory, somatosensory & visual sensory signals
Conscious & unconscious
Hypothalmus
Emotions- limbic
Rage, fear, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst
Autonomic function- homeostatsis, sleep/wake cycle
Hormone production
Hypophysis- Pituitary gland

43. Thalmus

45. Hypothalmus

46. Limbic System

47. Hypophysis

48. Brain Stem Mesencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
Contain processing centers
Relay stations for information traveling between cerebrum & cerebellum

50. Midbrain Mesencephalon Process visual & auditory information
Generate involuntary motor responses
Consciousness maintenance
Colliculi
Visual & auditory
Superior
Eye, head, neck reflexes to visual stimuli
Inferior
Head, neck, trunk reflexes to auditory stimuli

52. Colliculi

53. Midbrain- Amygdala Medial temporal lobe
Emotional content of new memories
Aggression
Jealousy
Fear
Involved in addiction behaviors
Overrides logic
May habituate to pleasure pathways
Absence of cues triggers override response

54. Pons “bridge” Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Relay center for sensory information between cerebellum and cerebrum
Initiates REM sleep
Somatic & visceral control
Breathing control center

55. Pons

56. Pons

57. Medulla Oblongata Attaches to spinal cord
Relays info to thalmus & other brain stem centers
Autonomic control
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Respiration- breathing control center
Basic rhythm of breathing
Stimulates diaphragm & rib muscles
Digestion

58. Medulla Oblongata

59. Medulla Oblongata

60. Cerebellum White & grey matter
Voluntary & involuntary motor activities
Autonomic processing center
Posture for balance
Fine tune movements
Coordination of skeletal muscles
Muscle tone
Responses based on
Sensory input
Stored memories
Previous moments

62. Cerebellum- Vermis & Folia