1. The Reproductive system
The reproductive system and it common pathologies

2. Functions of the reproductive system
Reproduction occurs in all living organisms, to produce a new member of a species
The human reproductive system is unique, in that it is the only system in the body that produces cells that have 23 chromosomes instead of 46.
These are called reproductive or haploid cells.

3. Remember mitosis?
Interphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Task; How does Meiosis differ and when?

4. Mitosis vrs meiosis Characteristic Mitosis Meiosis Description
Somatic cell division
Reproductive cell division
Function
For growth and repair of cells
For reproducing a new organism
Number of daughter cells 2 4
Are daughter cells identical?
Identical – exact copies
Different – allows for genetic variation
Number of chromosomes in each daughter cell
46 = two sets, diploid number
23 = one set, haploid number

5. Female Sex hormones
Oestrogen: affects secondary sexual characteristics in females; development of female reproductive system, external genitalia, uterus and breasts, regulates menstrual cycle
Progesterone: affects structures involved in pregnancy; maintenance of pregnancy, development of the placenta, preparation of breast for lactation

6. The female reproductive tract

8. The female reproductive tract

9. The breasts

10. The menstrual Cycle Cycle Begins (Follicular Phase)
Endometrial lining (lining the uterus) sheds. Hypothalamus, a region of the brain, produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is necessary for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland.
FSH causes small follicles to develop inside the ovary. One follicle begins to grow larger and secretes estrogen, a female hormone. This dominant follicle produces a cell (an oocyte) that will become an ovum, or egg.

11. The menstrual cycle
Within days after menstrual bleeding begins, the endometrial lining begins to rebuild, stimulated by increased production of estrogen. In the early part of the menstrual cycle, a woman may notice thick and sticky cervical mucus. As estrogen increases, mucus becomes thin, watery and clear. After ovulation, the mucus again becomes cloudy and thick.

12. Menstrual cycle

13. The menstrual cycle Cycle Begins (Follicular Phase)
Around midcycle, increasing estrogen levels stimulate secretion of GnRH and another hormone from the pituitary gland, the luteinizing hormone (LH). This LH hormone, in turn, triggers the release of the egg from the ovary (ovulation), and stimulates the production of a second female hormone, progesterone. Ovulation occurs within 12 hours after LH production reaches its peak. As LH peaks, estrogen levels temporarily drop, and this can cause midcycle bleeding for some women. As the ovarian follicle ruptures, some women experience abdominal pain.

14. The menstrual cycle
An unfertilized egg lives only up to 24 hours after ovulation. However, sperm cells can live as long as five days in the female reproductive tract. If sperm are present as the egg travels from the ovary through the fallopian tube, fertilization can occur.

15. The menstrual cycle
An unfertilized egg lives only up to 24 hours after ovulation. However, sperm cells can live as long as five days in the female reproductive tract. If sperm are present as the egg travels from the ovary through the fallopian tube, fertilization can occur.

16. The menstrual cycle
f the egg is fertilized, production of estrogen and progesterone continues and the endometrial lining becomes even thicker.
The fertilized egg may become implanted in the endometrial lining. The endometrial lining does not shed, and the pregnant woman's menstrual period does not begin.
If fertilization does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels fall, the endometrial lining sheds, and menstrual bleeding begins again.The cycle, about 28 days, varies from women to woman, and can vary during the same women's life.

17. The menstrual cycle Near Midcycle (Luteal Phase)
The ruptured follicle, now called the corpus luteum, begins to produce estrogen and progesterone. Increased amounts of estrogen and progesterone cause a decrease in FSH and LH and cause a change in the endometrial lining. The lining becomes thicker and its blood supply increases, preparing the lining to accept an embryo if fertilization and implantation occur.

18. Male reproductive tract

19. Male sex hormones
Androgens: development of male reproductive system, male hair growth patterns, voice deepening, muscle bulk
Testosterone: controls male secondary sex characteristics and promotes development of sperm in the testes

20. Task
There are several stages to puberty for both male and females. Investigate briefly how each of the following;
Puberty (male & female)
Pregnancy
Menopause (male & female)

21. Fertilisation of an egg

22. Pathologies of the reproductive system
common pathologies of the reproductive system;
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
impotence
menstrual problems i amenorrhoea
dysmenorrhoea
premenstrual syndrome
post-natal depression
infertility
mastitis