1. Retinoids activate proton transport by the uncoupling proteins UCP1 and UCP2
(A) Effect of palmitic acid on the respiratory rate of mitochondria isolated from yeast expressing UCP1 ♦, UCP2 ●, UCP3 □, and from control yeast (transformed with a vector containing the inverted cDNA sequence) ▵, grown in the same conditions. Respiratory substrate was NADH and the media contained bovine serum albumin (fatty acid free) 1.6 μM, pH 6.8. Results are presented as the increase of state 4 respiratory rate, in function of the molar ratio palmitic acid to albumin. The mean value of the basal state 4 of the different strains can be found in Table I. Data represent the mean value ± SEM of three to six independent experiments performed at least in duplicate. (B) Effect of retinoic acid on the respiratory rate of mitochondria. Note that the ordinates are different in order to highlight the effect of retinoic acid at low concentrations. The rest of the legend is as above. (C) Respiration increase of UCP1 mitochondria after addition of retinoic acid palmitic acid or both. The histograms show the mean value ± SEM obtained after two independent mitochondrial preparations, in which the experiments were performed at least in duplicate.
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EMBO J, Volume: 18, Issue: 21, Pages: , First published: 01 November 1999, DOI: ( /emboj/ )