1. Chapter No. 01

2. Transportation has become unavoidable for the social and economic development of mankind. Men animals and various goods are transported from one place to another by different modes of transport. INTRODUCTION

3. 1) Water transport such as ships, boats, hovercrafts. 2) Air transport such as aero planes, helicopters. 3) Space transport such as space crafts. 4) Land transport such as railways, roadways. INTRODUCTION

4. Road transport covers nearly 70% of all modes of transport The two-wheeler mopeds, scooters, motor-cycle are used by individuals four-wheeler cars and jeeps are family vehicles vans (minibus) and buses serve the society by transporting people INTRODUCTION

5. trucks are required for carrying goods tractors are field vehicles bulldozers are used in construction work and gun-carriage is involved in military operations. The automobile has created a new revolution in the history of mankind. The modern age is called “Auto Age”. INTRODUCTION

6. To carry all the stationary loads attached to it and loads of passenger and cargo carried in it. To withstand torsional vibration caused by the movement of the vehicle To withstand the centrifugal force caused by cornering of the vehicle To control the vibration caused by the running of the vehicle To withstand bending stresses due to rise and fall of the front and rear axles. To protect passengers from accident. PURPOSES OF BODIES

7. 1) It should be cheap. 2) It should be fuel-efficient. 3) It should be less maintenance. 4) It should be light in weight. 5) It should have minimum number of components. 6) It should provide sufficient space for passengers and luggage. 7) It should withstand vibrations while in motion. REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES

8. 1) It should offer minimum resistance to air. 2) It should be attractive in shape and colour. 3) It should have uniformly distributed load. 4) It should have long fatigue life 5) It should provide good vision and ventilation. 6) It should be easy to operate and park 7) It should be easy to drive the vehicle inside a city, on the highways and hills. REQUIREMENTS OF BODIES

9. 1) According to the Load carrying capacity 2) According to the Wheels 3) According to the Number of Engine Cylinders 4) According to the Fuel Used 5) According to the type of Transmission 6) According to the Position of Engine 7) According to the Make and Model 8) According to the Steering or Drive 9) According to the engine connected to the driving axle 10) According to the type of Suspension 11) According to the Body 12) According to the type of frame CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

10. 1) According to the Load carrying capacity: - Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle (HMV) e.g.- Buses, Coaches, Trucks, and Tractors. Light transport vehicle (LTV) - e.g.- Tempo, Minibus, Pick-ups, and Station Wagons etc. Light Transportation Vehicles (L.T.V.) or Light motor vehicle (LMV) - e.g.- cars, jeeps, Scooters, motor cycles, Mopeds, Vans etc. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

11. 2) According to the wheels : - Two wheeler vehicle e.g.- Scooter, motorcycle, Scotty etc. Three wheeler vehicle e.g.- Auto rickshaw, three wheeler scooter for handicaps and tempo, etc. Four wheeler vehicle e.g.- Car, jeep, trucks, buses, vans, trucks (6 tyres) etc. Six wheeler vehicle (10 tyres) e.g.- Big trucks with two gear axles each having four wheels, Shaktiman and Dodge. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

12. 3) According to the Number of Engine Cylinders : - Single Cylinder engines are used for scooters, motor cycles, and mopeds. Three or four cylinder engines are used for small cars. Multi cylinder engines are used for large cars and all heavy vehicles.  The engines may be placed horizontally (air-cooled motor cycles)  Vertically (water cooled engines for cars, jeeps, buses, trucks) Angular position of cylinders to accomplish better cooling and space economy. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

13. 4) According to the Fuel Used : - Petrol vehicle e.g.- Motor cycles, scooters, mopeds, Cars, Vans, Jeeps and also trucks Diesel vehicle e.g.- trucks, Lorries or buses and other light and heavy commercial vehicles for goods or passengers Electric vehicle ( which use battery to drive) e.g.- Tunnwal automobiles, Tesla vehicles. Steam vehicle e.g.- an engine which uses steam engine. These engines are not in use. Gas vehicle e.g.- LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied petroleum gas and CNG is compressed natural gas. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

14. 5) According to the type of Transmission : - Manual transmission or conventional transmission uses various mesh type gear boxes in India vehicles, achieving three speed, four speed or even five speed. The types of gears can be selective type, progressive type or planetary type. Semi-automatic type having a two pedal transmission using manual operation of the standard gear box with automatic clutch control. All modern British vehicles are equipped with semi-automatic transmission. Automatic Transmission: Fully automatic transmission uses combination of epicyclic gear trains and torque converters. American vehicles use this type of transmission. Gears are not required to be changed manually. It is automatically changes as per speed of the automobile CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

15. 6) According to the Position of Engine : - Engine in Front - Most of the vehicles have engine in the front. e.g: most of the cars, buses, trucks in India. Engine in the Rear Side - Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear. e.g: Nano car, shivneri bus, Volvo bus CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

16. 7) According to the Make and Model: - Trucks and Buses: Ashok Leyland, Tata motors, Nissan, Shaktiman, Dodge, BharatBenz, Asian motors Cars : Ambassador, Standard Herald, Fiat (Premier, President), Maruti 800, Tata Indica, Hyundai Santro, daewoo Matiz, ford Escort, Opel Astra. Scooters & Motor Cycles: Vespa, Bajaj, Lambretta, Raj Hans, Rajdoot, Royal Enfield, Honda, Mahindra. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

17. 8) According to the Steering or Drive: - Left hand drive : In all American automobiles, the steering is fitted on the left hand side Right hand drive: In all Indian automobiles, the steering is fitted on right hand side when seen from rear to front of the vehicle. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

18. 9) According to engine connected to the driving axle: - Front wheel drive: The engine transmits power to the front wheel. The engines is normally placed at the rear of the vehicle. e. g.:- Volvo bus, Maruti car, Volkswagon car. Rear wheel drive: The engine supplies power to the rear wheel. The engine is normally placed at the front of the vehicle. e.g.: - Premier, Ambassador Cars. All-wheel drive: The engine transmits power to all the four wheels and engine can be placed in front or rear of the vehicle. E.g.:- Jeeps, willys Jeep 4 X 4. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

19. 10) According to type of Suspension: - Conventional system: Leaf springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. Independent system: Coil springs, torsion bar or pneumatic shock absorbers are attached to each wheel to ensure its dependent vertical movement without any reaction on the other wheels. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

20. 11) According to type of Body : - 1) Sedan or Saloon i. Notchback ii. Fastback iii. Hatchback iv. Four door saloon/ sedan 2) Coupe 3) Sport coupe 4) Limousine 5) Estate car 6) Convertibles 7) MUV/MPV 8) SUV 9) Van CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

21. 12) According to type of Frame: - 1) Conventional frame i. Ladder frame ii. X – frame iii. Perimeter frame 2) Unitized / Unibody frame 3) Semi–unitized / Platform frame body 4) Space Frame CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

22.  According to type of Body : - 1) Sedan or Saloon i. Notchback ii. Fastback iii. Hatchback iv. Four door saloon/ sedan 2) Coupe 3) Sport coupe 4) Limousine 5) Estate car 6) Convertibles 7) MUV/MPV 8) SUV 9) Van CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

23. SEDAN / SALOON

24. One of the most popular vehicles available in the market today is a sedan. By definition, the sedan is a car with two full rows of seats and four doors. It is roomy, comfortable car with more space for five adult passengers including a driver. This feature of sedan to carry almost five passengers from medium to large The sedan has fixed roof that is full-height up to the rear window. SEDAN / SALOON

25. The word ‘sedan’ is believed to be derived from Italian word ‘sedia’ that means ‘chair’. In 1899 Renault Voiturette first uses this configuration. In 1911 first closed car with the seating capacity of four persons launch using word ‘sedan’. Sedan are basically vehicles with an engine area, passenger area, and boot area (or three box), all separate. Today almost every automaker keeps a line of sedan style cars in its production as it is the most popular car body type. SEDAN / SALOON

26. SEDAN / SALOON

27. NOTCHBACK

28. It is a styling term for describing a car body style that is in general three-box style category. In these cars, there are separate areas for engine, passengers and cargo. Seen from the side, the section forward of the windshield can be viewed as one box, the section with doors and windows is the second, and the third box is the trunk. The roof of notchback is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground. The rear window at a sharp angle to the roof, and the trunk lid is also parallel to the ground. NOTCHBACK

29. The term is derived from the word ‘noun/notch’ that means v-cut. In 1940s, notchback may apply to number of vehicles. Most notchbacks are generally sedans or coupés. However, hatchbacks or liftbacks can also be included in this category if they have any horizontal deck lid that brings the vehicle in three-box design. e.g. - Ford Mustang Notchback 289 CU, 62 Porsche Notchback, fiat 124, ford LTD NOTCHBACK

30. NOTCHBACK

31. FASTBACK

32. A fastback sedan is a two‐box sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the deck lid, but excludes the hatchback feature. e.g - Volkswagen beetle, barracuda FASTBACK

33. HATCHBACK

34. Hatchbacks can be described as three door or five door cars that come with a rear door that swings upward to increase a cargo area. There is a separate cabin for engine in these cars, while passenger and cargo areas are together. These vehicles also called two-box in dimension because they do not have an extra rear-end extended outside. Generally hatchbacks have rear seats that fold flat to increase cargo space. Along with styling and spaciousness, their resale value is excellent. HATCHBACK

35. Every minivan, compact SUV, and crossover is technically a hatchback. Those hatchbacks which are large and well-equipped are perfect city cars as they are easy to drive, easy to park. Hatchbacks are perfect blend of comfort, power, handling and safety. Some of the popular hatchbacks running across the world are Maruti Suzuki 800, Alto, Suzuki Swift, Hyundai i10, i20, Fiat Grande Punto, Tata Indica, Indica Vista, VW Golf, Toyota Yaris, Tata Nano and Mahindra Reva electric, Hyundai i20, i10, eon, Ford figo, Ford Fiesta, Volkswagen polo HATCHBACK

36. HATCHBACK

37. 4 DOOR SALOON

38. This is the most common passenger car. Passenger comforts such as well-designed seats, easy to entry and exit Good heating and ventilation system and better styling are the features of this model. e.g: Honda city, Amaze, Skoda Rapid, Maruti Suzuki Ciaz, Audi A4 4 DOOR SALOON

39. 2 DOOR SALON & PILLAR LESS SALOON

40. The features of two door saloon and pillar less saloon are the same as that of four door saloon However in pillar less saloon there will not be a center pillar. SAE(Society of Automobile Engineers) defines such a vehicle as any two-door model with rear accommodation greater than or equal to 33 cubic feet (0.93 m 3 ) in volume (a calculation made by adding the legroom, shoulder room, and headroom) Ex: Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Ferrari 612 Scaglietti 2 DOOR SALON & PILLAR LESS SALOON

41.  COUPE

42. The term coupe is a long-running body style in automobile circles. It was first used for the 19th century carriages, where the rear-facing seats had been eliminated or cut out. On technical basis, coupe is a fixed-top car that comes with a rear interior volume of less than 33 cubic feet. Coupe provides reasonably comfortable seating, but because of limited seating room it is not suitable for families. e.g;- Ford Mustang, Nissan Fairlady Z, Toyota 86, Mazda RX8, BMW 4, Aston Martin V8 Vantage Coupe, Audi RS 5 Coupe COUPE

43. The term coupe is a long-running body style in automobile circles. It was first used for the 19th century carriages, where the rear-facing seats had been eliminated or cut out. On technical basis, coupe is a fixed-top car that comes with a rear interior volume of less than 33 cubic feet. Coupe provides reasonably comfortable seating, but because of limited seating room it is not suitable for families. e.g;- Ford Mustang, Nissan Fairlady Z, Toyota 86, Mazda RX8, BMW 4, Aston Martin V8 Vantage Coupe, Audi RS 5 Coupe COUPE

44. COUPE

45. SPORTS COUPE

46. It is a small car with two seats. Better aerodynamic shape and better acceleration are the features of this model. Styling is not important. Lightness and rigidity are also the features of this model. e.g.- Audi R8, Porsche cayman, Lamborghini Aventador, Alfa romeo 4C SPORTS COUPE

47. LIMOUSINE

48. It is a luxury car. It is provided with components and equipment of high quality and with better finish. It is usually provided with a partition between the driver and the passengers. it is most specious car, Cushioned seats, air conditioning, cooling glasses, automatic head lamps, rain sensing wipers, Magnetic door locking etc are the other features of this Model. e.g: Rolls Royce Phantom, Hummer H2 & H3, Mercedes benz S600, Ford Excursion LIMOUSINE

49. ESTATE CAR

50. Estates or Station wagons are modified saloon vehicles by combining the boot with passenger area & extending it till the roof. The boot area is significantly larger and does not have third row seating. This makes it convenient to carry big objects. The luggage compartment is the continuation of passenger compartment without partition between them. ESTATE CAR

51. Thus more luggage space and longer wheelbase are the specialty of this model. The other names of this model are Universal, Kombi, Station wagon, Camping Van and Break van. Body style similar to sedan but incorporating a full size back cargo compartment. e.g - Indigo Marina, Octavia Combi, Mercedes estate 200t, Mercedes-Benz E- Class Estate, Tata estate etc ESTATE CAR

52. ESTATE CAR

53. CONVERTIBLES

54. These models are provided with wind‐up windows and folding roof. A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract and fold away, converting it from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle. Roofs are affixed to the body of the vehicle and are usually not detachable. Instead the roof is hinged and folds away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle. CONVERTIBLES

55. The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators, the roof itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material. Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material; hard-top convertibles have roofs made from steel, aluminum, carbon fiber or plastic materials. e.g. - Jaguar XK8, Audi R8, Lamborghini Aventador, BMW Z4, Toyota MRS, Mercedes SL Class, Honda S660, Mercedes SL Class and Mini Cooper Convertible CONVERTIBLES

56. CONVERTIBLES

57. SUV

58.  The SUV (Sports Utility Vehicles) is a type of passenger vehicle which possess passenger-carrying and load-pulling abilities with the efficiency of a pick-up truck.  In some countries SUVs are known as off-road or four-wheel drive (4WD) or 4×4.  SUVs are commercial and military vehicles such as the Jeep and Land Rover.  The squarish design in many SUVs is little bit due to the Jeep.  Early SUVs were meant to be practical and a means to carry all (passengers or cargos).  SUV uses a body on frame design. SUV

59.  That means, the body and frame are built separately and then placed together.  SUV have large cabins, higher ride height, and safety attract buyers towards them.  These vehicles have a separate engine area, although passenger and luggage area are enclosed together.  Some compact SUVs even offers more fuel efficiency.  if one has a big family, or carry large loads of cargo usually, then the ideal vehicle to go with is an SUV.  e.g – Mahindra Scorpio, Toyota Fortuner, Maruti Grand Vitara, Tata Safari, Toyota Land Cruiser, Dodge Durango, Land Rover Range Rover SUV

60. SUV

61. MPV / MUV

62.  Multi-Utility Vehicle (shortened MUV) is a type of automobile that is identical in shape to a van and is designed for personal use.  The vehicle is typically based on a mid-sized car or minivan platform.  These vehicles are as useful as SUVs with similar ride, though from a construction point of view not very robust.  MUVs have the seating capacity of at least seven passengers and are more comfortable than a crossover for groups of that size.  These cars also offer enough carry space. MPV / MUV

63.  They are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room and can be modified depending upon the requirements.  These are the vehicles that can undertake a broad range of functions.  Depending upon its dynamic features such as high quality, ruggedness, durability, stability, reliability, looks, easy maintenance and operational economy, MUVs are used extensively for private and public transport.  MUV has multiple features that make traveling an easy and comfortable experience.  e.g - Toyota Innova, Maruti Ertiga, Toyota Fortuner, Mahindra Xylo, Honda Mobilio, Honda C-RV, Chevrolet Tavera, Ford Endeavour, Audi Q series MPV / MUV

64. MPV / MUV

65. CROSSOVER

66.  They are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room and can be modified depending upon the requirements.  These are the vehicles that can undertake a broad range of functions.  Depending upon its dynamic features such as high quality, ruggedness, durability, stability, reliability, looks, easy maintenance and operational economy, MUVs are used extensively for private and public transport.  MUV has multiple features that make traveling an easy and comfortable experience.  e.g - Toyota Innova, Maruti Ertiga, Toyota Fortuner, Mahindra Xylo, Honda Mobilio, Honda C-RV, Mitsubishi Outlander, Chevrolet Tavera, Ford Endeavour, Audi Q series CROSSOVER / CUV

67. WAGON

68. VAN / MINIVAN

69.  It is the most common type of vehicle used for transporting mainly goods or people.  It is generally covered and is nearly cubical in shape, longer and higher than cars, but smaller than trucks.  Cargo barriers generally fit behind the front seats of many vans to prevent injuries caused by sudden deceleration or rolling over of cargo.  Sometimes, doors are fitted with cargo barriers that allow drivers to pass through the cargo compartment of the vehicle.  The word van for vehicles has arrived as a contradiction of the word caravan. VAN / MINIVAN

70.  According to the early definition of van, it is a covered wagon used for transporting goods.  These vehicles are not from the bygone era.  Still, many people prefer to buy vans as they offer plenty of space that makes travelling comfortable, and are quite a safe vehicle.  It is a great vehicle for large families.  Depending upon the needs of buyers, there are many vans available in the market from full-Size van, passenger van, a minivan and more.  e.g. - Maruti Suzuki Omni, Eeco, Tata Venture, Winger, Ace Magic, Nissan Quest LE, Toyota Sienna XLE, Subaru 360 van. VAN / MINIVAN

71. VAN / MINIVAN