1. Off Site Mitigation Measures under CEQA
Andrea Ruiz-Esquide
Deputy City Attorney
San Francisco City Attorney’s Office

2. CEQA Mitigation Measures Basic Principles
Mandate to mitigate – “public agencies should not approve projects … if there are feasible … mitigation measures available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental effects…” (PRC Section 21002).
EIRs must emphasize feasible mitigation measures and omit unnecessary descriptions (PRC Section 21003).

3. CEQA Mitigation Measures Basic Principles
Authority to Mitigate – lead agencies have the authority to require feasible changes in any or all activities involved in the project in order to substantially lessen or avoid significant effects on the environment
… consistent with constitutional requirements of nexus and rough proportionality (Guidelines Section 15041).

4. CEQA Mitigation Measures Basic Principles
EIRs must…
Distinguish between mitigation measures proposed by project proponents and others
Identify mitigation measures for each significant effect
Where there are several, each should be discussed and the reason for selecting one explained (Guidelines Section )

5. CEQA Mitigation Measures Basic Principles
EIRs must…
Not defer formulation of mitigation measures
Discuss any environmental effects produced by the mitigation measures
Mitigation measures must be fully enforceable through permit conditions, agreements or other legally binding instruments (Guidelines Section )

6. CEQA Mitigation Measures Basic Principles
Mitigation includes:
avoiding the impact;
minimizing impacts;
rectifying the impact;
reducing or eliminating the impact;
compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources (Guidelines Section 15370).

7. Compensating for the Impact: Off Site Mitigation
Case law on impacts to agricultural resources:
Masonite Corporation v County of Mendocino
Citizens for Open Government v City of Lodi
Also, impacts to biological resources:
Endangered Habitats League v County of Orange
Environmental Council of Sacramento v City of Sacramento
California Native Plant Society v City of Rancho Cordova

8. Compensating for the Impact: Off Site Mitigation – Main Themes
Off site mitigations are adequate under CEQA, under Section 15370(e), even though the mitigation (ACE) does not replace the actual land impacted onsite (Mansonite Co. v. Co. of Mendocino)
Agencies sometimes conclude there would be a Significant and Unavoidable impact, under the theory that the resource is unique (Citizens v. City of Lodi)

9. Compensating for the Impact: Off Site Mitigation – Main Themes
Cases indicate lead agencies have discretion to select the appropriate ratio of compensation, if decision is based on substantial evidence in the record and on constitutional requirements (examples in the case law: 1:1; .5:1; 1.5:1; 2:1)
Cases often discuss off site mitigation together with deferral challenges – generally concluding that agency does not have to select a site for the mitigation to be adequate.

10. Compensating for the Impact: Off Site Mitigation – Main Themes
Overlap between deferral and feasibility:
California Native Plant Society v. City of Rancho Cordova: impact to vernal pools and seasonal wetland habitats;
mitigation measure was 2 :1 or 1:1 (existing or new)
EIR did not specify off site locations – Ct said it’s OK
Resources agencies (FWS, EPA) criticized the mitigation – Ct concluded that’s not enough to establish that the City’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence

11. Compensating for the Impact: Off Site Mitigation – Main Themes
Lessons from case law:
Lead agencies have discretion to chose rations of off site mitigation;
And do not have to chose the exact place / project that will serve as mitigation – no deferral if clear standards;
As long as their decisions are based on substantial evidence in the record
… Show your work!