1. Basics of Human Anatomy & Physiology
For PGDMLT
Dr. Bipin Patel

2. Anatomy
The art of separating the parts of an organism in order to study their position, relations, & structure .

3. Types of anatomy Microscopic anatomy Gross anatomy
Cytology-internal structure of cells
Histology-study of tissues (groups of cells)
Gross anatomy
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy

4. Gross anatomy
Surface anatomy-anatomy that we can see at the surface of the body (everyday life)
Regional anatomy-complete anatomy (internal) of a specific region of the body (learning every blood vessel, muscle, bones, etc. in the arm)-medical school
Systemic anatomy-the body is divided into 11 organ systems

5. Physiology
A branch of biology that deals with the functions & activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) & of the physical & chemical phenomena involved.
How does a cell/organ work?
function
The anatomy (shape/position/structure) of an structure is designed to fulfill it’s function (physiology).

6. Levels of Organization

7. Levels of Organization
Chemicals-elements & molecules
Cells-the subunits of an organism
Tissues-collection of similar types of cells
Organs-collection of tissues (not all the same type) –has a specific function
Organ systems-many organs working together to carry out bodily functions
Organism-a individual living being

8. Chemical level

10. Vital properties and process of living organisms
Responsiveness
Growth & Differentiation
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism & Excretion
Homeostasis

11. Systemic anatomy The body has 11 organ systems
Each organ system has a number of organs within the system
Each organ has a specific function
The organs work together to give the organ system its function

12. Functions of the 11 organ systems
Integumentary- protection from the environment, helps control body temperature, energy storage
Skeletal- support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood cell formation
Muscular- locomotion, support posture, heat production------skeletal muscle

13. Functions of the 11 organ systems
Nervous- directing immediate responses to stimuli by coordinating the actions of other organs
Endocrine- directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems by release of hormones
Cardiovascular- internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, & gases

14. Functions of the 11 organ systems
Lymphatic- defense against infection & disease
Respiratory- delivery of air to where gas exchange can occur between the air & circulating blood
Digestive- processing of food & absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, & water

15. Functions of the 11 organ systems
Urinary- elimination of excess water, salts, & waste products; controls pH of body fluids
Reproductive- production of sex cells & hormones

16. Surface anatomy

24. Nervous System
Main Parts
Brain
Nerves
Spinal cord

25. Nervous System Functions Controls all body’s functions
Senses and recognizes information from inside and outside of the body

26. What it helps you do… Move Sense things from the environment
And much more!

27. Interactions with other systems:
All systems – helps keep the systems functioning

28. Integumentary (Skin) System
Function
1st line of defense against disease
Helps maintain body temperature
Keeps fluids inside
Main Parts
Skin
Sweat glands
Hair
nails

30. What it helps you do… Helps you maintain fluids (don’t dehydrate)
Helps you know your environment by feeling things around you
Protect organs
Remove waste

31. Interactions with other systems…
Works with the excretory and the immune system to help remove cellular waste and protect us from disease.

32. Skeletal System: Parts & Function
Main parts:
Bones
Cartilage
Connective Tissue
Function:
Helps support your body parts
Helps support your body during movement
Helps protect your major organs:
Skull protects the brain
Sternum and ribs protects the heart and lungs
Vertebra protect the spinal cord

33. Skeletal System Support and protect body parts.
Helps maintain homeostasis
Makes red blood cells (red bone marrow)

34. Skeletal System Interactions
Works with the muscular system to help you move.

35. Three types of muscles found in the body:
Cardiac muscle – found in the heart
Skeletal muscle – attaches to the bones
Smooth muscle – lines GI Tract and vessels.

36. Muscular System Function Main parts Helps you move.
Moves materials through the body
Main parts
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Muscles in organs

37. Muscular Systems help you…
Helps you move
Helps you move materials through the body
Maintain homeostasis
Skeletal muscles work in pairs: one contracts and the other returns to its original length.

38. Interactions with other systems
Works with the skeletal system to help you move by your muscles pulling on your bones.
Works with the nervous system and controls the types of movements: voluntary (under your control – ex: talking) and involuntary (NOT under your control – ex: heartbeat)

39. Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
Function
Carries blood and nutrients to the cells of the body
Carries waste away from the cells, such as carbon dioxide.
Main Parts
Heart
Blood (made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets)
Veins
Arteries

40. What it helps you do…
Arteries help carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Veins carry un-oxygenated blood toward the heart
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Gas exchange takes place here.

44. Interactions with other systems:
Works with the respiratory system to help you transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Works with the excretory to help remove waste from the body.
Works with the digestive system to transport nutrients.
Works with the muscular system to help circulate nutrients.

45. Respiratory System Function Main parts
Puts oxygen into the body & removes Carbon dioxide
Main parts
Lungs
Nasal passages
Throat
Nose

46. What it helps you do…
Breathe
Sustain life

47. Interactions with other systems:
Circulatory – transports vital materials to the cells

48. Digestive System Main parts: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum

49. Digestive System Function
Takes food & breaks it down into nutrients the body needs

50. What it helps you do…
It provides nutrients to your body’s cells

51. Interactions with other systems:
Circulatory – helps transport nutrients to the body’s cells

52. Excretory System Functions Removes wastes from blood
Removes harmful substances from blood
Regulates body fluids

53. Excretory System
Main Parts
Kidneys
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

54. What it helps you do…
Maintain homeostasis
Removes waste

55. What system does it interact with:
Circulatory – to help remove waste from the blood

56. Immune System
Functions
Fights off disease

57. Immune System
Main Parts
Lymph nodes
White blood cells
Skin

58. What it helps you do…
Maintain a healthy body

59. Interactions with other systems:
Circulatory, integumentary, lymphatic – helps fight diseases

60. Reproductive System Main Parts Male Female Penis Prostate Testes Ovary
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

61. Reproductive System Functions Produce offspring Males- make sperm
Females- make eggs

62. Endocrine System Main Parts Pituitary Glands Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Testis/ Ovary
Prostate Gland

64. Endocrine System Function:
Produce local/ systematic hormones to facilitate/ inhibit synthesis, metabolism, storage or excretion of biological compounds in organism.

65. Interactions with other systems:
All systems are affected by endocrine system in one or other ways. For example – pregnancy, birth, growth, puberty, organ function, immunity, digestion, excretion, and so on…