1. Energy Transformation & Global Systems?pp
Winds, weather, tides, currents, volcanic activity, & mountain formation are all due to energy transformations.
Nuclear energy, gravitational potential energy, & solar energy play important roles

2. Nuclear Energy
is transformed into thermal energy inside Earth’s crust.
drives tectonic plates to move and is the source of volcanic activities.
p. 245 Nuclear energy

3. Gravitational Potential Energy
is used to produce electricity.
Moon’s gravitational potential energy create the tides
p. 245 Gravitational potential energy

4. Solar Energy
= visible light, infrared radiation, & ultraviolet radiation
has the greatest impact on Earth.
is transformed into thermal energy.
transformations drive water movement through the atmosphere & hydrosphere.

5. Thermal energy is transferred by radiation, conduction, and convection

7. The Role of Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases warm Earth’s atmosphere & contribute to the greenhouse effect.
include CO2, H2O vapour, N2O, and methane.

8. Heat
Heat = the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from a higher  lower area of thermal energy.
Measured in joules, calories, BTU, kWh
1 cal = 4.2 joules

10. Difference between thermal energy, temperature, & heat

11. Specific heat capacity: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance

12. Example:
How much energy would it take to raise the temperature of 500 g water in a kettle from 21°C to 100°C?

13. Example:
Copper has a specific heat of J/(g°C). A piece of copper absorbs 5000 J of energy and undergoes a temperature change from 100°C to 200°C. What is the mass of the piece of copper?

14. Substances with a low specific heat (e. g
Substances with a low specific heat (e.g., metals) need very little heat to raise temperature
Good conductors
Not good absorbers
Do not hold onto heat well
Requires relatively little heat to raise its temperature

15. Substances with a high specific heat need a large quantity of heat to raise temperature.
Poor conductors
Good absorbers
Store and hold onto heat well
can absorb a large quantity of heat before it will raise in temperature

16. Implication of Water’s High Specific Heat Capacity
Water stores and hold heat well because of its high specific heat.
Water’s capacity to store heat affects the global climate.
Absorbs sun’s thermal energy acting as a source or sink of energy
Without the presence of water, temperature variations between day and night would be much greater.

17. Moderating Effect of Water
During summer, surrounding air is cooled by the water & keeps the coast cooler than inland areas.
During winter, the surrounding air is warmed by the water & keeps the coast warmer than inland areas.

19. Video - Applications Creates sea and land breezes Hot water bottles
Coolant (i.e. car radiator)
Keeps wine & juices from freezing
Regulates pond environment (keeps water temperature relatively the same during day & night)
Protecting crops