1. Precision Geolocation in Challenging Environments
Month Year
doc.: IEEE yy/xxxxr0
July 2011
Precision Geolocation in Challenging Environments
Authors:
Abstract
This tutorial is for the IEEE 802 Plenary session on July 2011 in San Francisco The presentation describes how location techniques can improve the proposed geo-location range and accuracy for determining location in challenging environments.
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE
Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair
Apurva Mody as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.
John Doe, Some Company

2. July 2011
Possible Use Cases
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

3. Rural Geo-Location July 2011 BS 30 km Backhaul Slide 3
CPE
Slide 3
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

4. Outdoor Geo-Location Geo-Locate over long distances
July 2011
Outdoor Geo-Location
Geo-Locate over long distances
Needs either multiple Base Stations …
or a Base Station and a number of reference CPEs for which the latitude and longitude are known
Slide 4
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

5. Urban Corridor and Indoor Geo-Location
July 2011
Urban Corridor and Indoor Geo-Location
Geo-Locate over shorter distances
Needs to operate in harsh multipath environment
Either a terminal (nomadic CPE) or base station/ fixed CPE originates the ranging signal
Slide 5
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

6. Location-aware Advertising
July 2011
Multiple Use Cases
LBS / ASSET TRACKING
Warehouses
Equipment & Supplies
Disaster Recovery
SALES & MARKETING
Social Networking
Location-aware Advertising
Social Gaming
 Juniper Research published a report which said the market for location-based services (think mobile check-in games like Foursquare, social networks like Loopt, location-enabled apps like Google Maps, etc.) will bring in revenues of more than $12.7 billion by 2014. 
PUBLIC SAFETY/ MILITARY
Locate/Track Personnel
Monitor Military Campaigns
Search & Rescue
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

7. Integrated (Hybrid Positioning Enhancement)
July 2011
Integrated (Hybrid Positioning Enhancement)
GPS
A-GPS
Cell-ID
ISM BANDS
TVWS BANDS
3 meters
50 meters
300 meters
100 meters
6 meters
400 meters
150 meters
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8. July 2011
Defining Core Problem
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9. Signal Propagation - Background
July 2011
Signal Propagation - Background
Signal penetration in dielectric
Loss varies as square root of wavelength
Lower frequencies penetrate better than higher
Example: with the same loss, 240 MHz penetrates 3.2 times further than 2.4 GHz or, at same distance, loss at 2.4 GHz is 10 dB greater.
Dispersion (multipath): inversely proportional to wavelength
Objects smaller than the wavelength don’t reflect;
Objects larger than the wavelength, reflect and generate multipath dispersion.
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

10. White Spaces Superior Platform for Location
July 2011
White Spaces Superior Platform for Location
Obstacle: Metal Beam
High
5.6 GHz (UWB)
2.4 GHz
Frequency
Spectrum
900 MHz
Ideal for
Terrestrial Geolocation
512 MHz
Low
The lower the frequency, the greater the ability to penetrate buildings and thereby improve location positioning accuracy and reliability.
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

11. July 2011
Proposed Solutions
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12. How do you deal with complex environment location?
Month Year
doc.: IEEE yy/xxxxr0
July 2011
How do you deal with complex environment location?
With the required +/- 15 m ranging accuracy, once impact of SNR and other imperfections are taken into account, there is little room left for the actual ranging errors that are associated with ranging in a dense multipath environment in buildings/ urban corridors where multipath echoes are closely spaced
Multipath Mitigation
Real-time ranging signal (terrestrial positioning signal) processing algorithm (method) that mitigates multipath and delivers high accuracy using < 6 MHz of bandwidth
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.
John Doe, Some Company

13. July 2011
Multipath Mitigation
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

14. Multipath Mitigation Overview
July 2011
Multipath Mitigation Overview
Can be easily incorporated into OFDM based wireless networks,
Employs existing wireless network signals
Reference and/ or pilot signals, etc.
No changes to HW and OS
Developed for indoor and challenging outdoor environments
Dense multipath environment
Low computational intensity multipath mitigation algorithms
Can be executed in software by a mobile terminal
Developed for fixed and mobile environment
Allows simultaneous tracking of hundreds terminals
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

15. July 2011
Solution Integration
Geolocation ranging signal is < 6 MHz BW (i.e., does not require channel bonding).
The ranging signal consists of:
Pilot signals or subcarrier signals; or
A combination of pilots and subcarriers;
The ranging signal subcarriers do not need to be modulated; the modulation may also be applied, for example QPSK, as long as the modulation signal is known beforehand.
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

16. Multipath Mitigation Processor
July 2011
Multipath Mitigation Processor
Maps time delay to phase offset – resulting in observables sums of complex sinusoids;
Uses optimized high-resolution spectrum estimation analysis methods and techniques;
Algorithms designed to separate direct path for Accurate range estimation
Methods and techniques support frequency estimations (delays) that approach the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB).
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

17. Solution Integration July 2011
Month Year
doc.: IEEE yy/xxxxr0
July 2011
Solution Integration
Can be seamlessly integrated into the current geolocation model – uses complex channel impulse response in the frequency domain
New option for Geo-location model
Current Geo-location model
Multipath Processor
Noise
Signal
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.
John Doe, Some Company

18. July 2011
Ranging Modes
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

19. One-way and Two-way mode ranging

20. July 2011
Test Results
Slide 20
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21. July 2011
Geo-location Results
Developed portable, battery-operated proof of concept:
Dimensions: 3x4x2 inches
Operating frequencies: VHF (High-band)
Operating bandwidth: 5 MHz
In all tests TX and RX antennas heights were between 0.5 meter to 1.5 meters from the ground .
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

22. Accuracy (m), >=67% confidence Accuracy (m), >=95% confidence
July 2011
Geolocation Results
Environment
Range (m)
Accuracy (m), >=67% confidence
Accuracy (m), >=95% confidence
Comments
Coaxial cables
500 (equiv)
N/A
0.5
With multipath simulator
Analog Proof of Concept Devices
Outdoor
350 2 3
Suburban setting
Difficult Indoor
125 4 8
Multiple floor buildings
Extreme, Indoor parking
Reinforced Concrete structure
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

23. UMBC Field Amplitude Estimate Phase Estimate July 2011
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24. Conversion to Distance
July 2011
Conversion to Distance
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25. July 2011
UMBC Field
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26. July 2011
UMBC Engineering
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27. Conversion to Distance
July 2011
Conversion to Distance
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

28. July 2011
Result
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29. Additional Test Results
July 2011
Additional Test Results
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30. July 2011
UMBC Parking Garage
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

31. Conversion To Distance
July 2011
Conversion To Distance
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

32. July 2011
Result
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

33. July 2011
UMBC Commons
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34. UMBC Engineering (Example 2)
July 2011
UMBC Engineering (Example 2)
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

35. Conversion to Distance
July 2011
Conversion to Distance
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

36. July 2011
Results
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

37. UMBC Parking Garage (Example 2)
July 2011
UMBC Parking Garage (Example 2)
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

38. Conversion to Distance
July 2011
Conversion to Distance
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

39. July 2011
Result
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.

40. Backup Slides July 2011 (DRAFT) Month Year doc.: IEEE 802.22-yy/xxxxr0
Russ Markhovsky, InvisiTrack, Inc.
John Doe, Some Company

41. Geolocation accuracy vs fine ranging accuracy
Gerald Chouinard, Russ Markvosky
Geolocation accuracy vs fine ranging accuracy
For a given geolocation error, the ranging error has to be smaller because geolocation methods/ techniques can be subject to location geometry degradation.
Good Geometry
Bad Geometry
Triangulation
Trilateration
Assuming that the geometry degradation amplification is 2X (on average), the required ranging accuracy is +/- 25 meters.
In addition, the network device electronics propagation delays (residual delay) accuracy is assumend to be +/- 30 ns. This results in +/- 10 meters ranging error
In , this residual delay needs to be measured by the manufacturer with an accuracy of at least +/-30 ns (IEEE Std , subclause )
Thus the required fine ranging accuracy needs to be +/- 15 meters