1. Parasitology - protozoology (protozoa), helmintology(worms), enthomology(insects)
Laboratory diagnosis: - life cycle of parasits, material v laboratory dg
Protozoa – intestinal, genital, urinary, blood, tissue
Worms - Helmints: Nematodes, Cestodes,Trematodes
Ectoparasits: louse, ticks, flies – important as vectors

2. Diagnosis Problematic, not ususals outside endematic areas
Nonspecific clinical manigestation
eosinophilia in helmintoses – not constant sign
Importance of history – personal, travellers, social, economic, food, therapy
Conditions for successful dg:
- think on parasitosis,
- také a good sample – right sample, with good method at right time, send it in appropriate conditions to the lab that is able to identify the parasit, good interpretation:
Knowledge of life cycle is principal

3. Laboratory diagnosis Usually based on morphology (mikroscopic)
Demonstration of the parasit in different stages of life cycle in clinical material
Macroscopic examination of the sample (stool or tissue)
Microscopic examination – native smear, staining, concentration method
Serology – detection of antibodies, detection of antigénu
Genetic probes - detection, identification
Cultivation
Animal model

4. Life cycle of parasits -terminology
Complex life cycle – key to diagnosis
Host – hosts
Definitive host – parasit finishes the growing cycle and is becoming adult in it
Not typical host - parasit cannot develop in in
Transient host – larves are developing in it and not sexual multiplication is performed
Helmints : egg - larva - (cyste) – adult worm Protozoa :trofozoit - motile, cyste – non motile sexual multiplication - zygota asexual- schizonts, sporogons

5. Stool for parasitological examination
Macroscopy – blood, mucous, adult worms
Microscopy - native smear - FS, iode – motility, eggs of helmints, cysts of protozoa, ery, leu
Concentration methods – separation of cysts of protozoa and eggs of helmints from other material in the stool
Staining - identification – smear of native stool + hematoxylin eosin, trichrome

6. Other material acc.to clinical manifestation
Perianal - Enterobius vermicularis
Sigmoidoscopy - Entamoeba histolytica
Duodenal aspiration - Giardia lamblia
Biopsia of abscesse of liver - Entameba histolytica
Sputum - Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides,
Urine - Schistosoma
Urogenital sample - Trichomonas
Blood - (malaria, trypanosomiaois, leishmaniosis, filariosis) smear, thick drop - staining Giemsa, HeO,
Serum

7. Protozoa
Amoeba - Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba, Endolimax nana
Flagelata - Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania, Trypanosoma
Ciliata - Balantidium coli
Coccidia a Sporosoa - Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis, Microsporidia, Plasmodia, Babesia,, Toxoplasma

8. Nematodes -worms
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis,cati, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichinella spiralis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Dracunculus medinensis - aesculapova palica
Nonsegmented body, adult worms living in the GIT-e, - diagnosisa: identification of eggs in the stool (morphology of eggs)
Filariae – tin worms parasiting in eye, skin, tissue, transmitted by insects. Larval form- microfilariae penetrate to blood and are transmitted by suckling insect

9. Cestodes - Head - scolex, segmented body
Hermafrodit, male and female organs are present in every segment - dif.dg. They have not GIT, absorbtion of food. Complex life cycle with transient host (sometimes - human – larval stage of cysticerkósis, echinococcosis)
Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphylobotrium latum, Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepsis nana

10. Trematodes - Usually hermafrodits (ex Schistosoma) Need transient host
Fasciolopsis, Clonorchis, Paragonimus, Schistosoma

11. Enterobius vermicularis
Definitive host - human
transient - none
dg. – perianal sample – microscopy of eggs
fecal oral transmission - autoinfection

12. Enterobius vermicularis

13. Ascaris lumbricoides Definitive host: human
Larva migrans: intestin, colon - muc.membrane - blood- lung - cough - mouth - colon
dg. Egg in stool
Infection via contaminated food
Symptoms acc.to localisation of the larva

14. Ascaris lumbricoides

15. Toxocara canis, cati Definitive host dog, cat Transient host: rat
Human incidental: human (larves)
dg. serology
transmission: hand food

16. Taenia saginata Definitive: human transient: cattle
dg. Segments in stool
Transmission cysticercus in beef

17. Taenia solium Definitive: pig transient: rat
incidental: human in small intestin
dg. serology
Contaminated food

19. Echinococcus granulosus
definitive: dog
transient:sheep
incidental: human
dg serology
transmission: cyste in meat
infection: mechanic pressure from expanded cyst, prolonged growing, rupture of the cyst and dissemination

20. Echinococcus granulosus

21. Entamoeba histolytica
definitive: human
dg.trofosoits in stool, serology
dysenteria – diarhea with blood

22. Entamoeba histolytica

23. Naegleria fowleri, Acantamoeba
Free Living in water
Human (via nose)
dg.microscopy in CSF- identification of invasive strains)
disease: purulent peracute meningitis

26. Toxoplazma gondii Definitive: cat transient: rat incidental: human
dg. serology KFR, IgA, IgG, IgM
transmission: food borne, hand, annimal
disease: - intrauterine primoinfection generalised lymfadenopathy, encystation in organs – abortion, eye……..

28. Trichomonas vaginalis
Definitive: human
transient: none
dg. Cultivation - microscopy trophosoit - from vagina, urine
Sexual transmission
Therapy of both (all) partners

30. Giardia lamblia definitive: human – small intestin,dog, cat
transient: non
dg.microscopy – cysts and trophosoits in stool, transient in duodenal secretion
Transmission contaminated food
malabsorption

31. Giardia lamblia

32. Trypanosoma gambiensis (spavá choroba)
Definitive host: insect - fly tse tse
transient: human, monkey
dg.microscopy – thick drop
Transmission bite
Disease – sleeping disease, myalgia, artralgia, lymfadenopathy, hyperactivity in acute fase, lethargy, meningoencefalitis, coma

34. Plasmodium-malariae, falciparum
Definitive host:Anopheles
Transient host: human, monkey
dg.microscopy thick drop
Transmission insect bite
disease: malaria acc.to the rate of schizogonia- clinically as fever attacks - tercianna, quartana,