1. Musculo-skeletal system

2. OVERVIEW OF AS LEVEL SPECIFICATION
Component Name
Content
How assessed?
35%
Physiological factors affecting performance
Applied anatomy and physiology
Exercise physiology
Biomechanics
75 minute exam paper (70 marks)
Psychological and socio-cultural themes in Physical Education
Skill acquisition
Sports psychology
Sport and society
30%
Performance in Physical Education
Performance or coaching (from a limited list of activities)
Evaluation and analysis of performance for improvement (Oral response)
1 x practical activity (30 marks)
1 x analysis of a performance (30 marks)

3. ISBN =

4. Articulating bones – a clue!
Joint
Joint Type
Articulating Bones
Wrist  3
Elbow
Shoulder  2
Hip
Knee
Ankle

5. The Wrist Joint Type of joint CONDYLOID Articulating Bones (3) RADIUS
ULNA
CARPALS
Movements Possible (2)

6. ELBOW JOINT Type of joint HINGE Articulating Bones (3) HUMERUS RADIUS
ULNA
Movements Possible (2)

7. SHOULDER JOINT Type of joint BALL AND SOCKET Articulating Bones (2)
HUMERUS
SCAPULA (glenoid fossa of scapula)
Movements Possible (8)

8. HIP JOINT Type of joint BALL AND SOCKET Articulating Bones (2) FEMUR
PELVIS (acetabulum of pelvis)
Movements Possible (4)

9. KNEE JOINT Type of joint FEMUR HINGE Articulating Bones (2) FEMUR
TIBIA
TIBIA
Movements Possible (2)

10. ANKLE JOINT Type of joint HINGE Articulating Bones (3) TIBIA FIBULA
TALUS
Movements Possible (2)

11. Joint Movements
Flexion: body part moves forward from anatomical position
Extension: body part moves backwards from anatomical position
(opposite for knee)
Abduction: body part moves away from the midline of the body
Adduction: body part moves towards the midline of the body
Horizontal Flexion: when joint is already flexed, body part moves towards midline of body
Horizontal Extension: when joint is already flexed, body part moves away from midline of body
Rotation: body part turns about its long axis (lateral and medial)
Circumduction: conical movement of a limb (circling of legs/arms)
Flexion/Extension of ankle = dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

12. Can you apply sporting examples to these?
Planes of Movement
Can you apply sporting examples to these?
Splits the body into left and right
Splits the body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
Splits the body into top and bottom

13. How many muscles can you name
How many muscles can you name? (Fill in the relevant diagrams in your pack)

14. The Wrist Joint Type of joint CONDYLOID Articulating Bones (3) RADIUS
ULNA
CARPALS
Movements Possible (2)
FLEXION - wrist flexors
EXTENSION – wrist extensors

15. ELBOW JOINT Type of joint HINGE Articulating Bones (3) HUMERUS RADIUS
ULNA
Movements Possible (2)
FLEXION – biceps brachii
EXTENSION – triceps brachii

16. SHOULDER JOINT Type of joint BALL AND SOCKET Articulating Bones (2)
HUMERUS
SCAPULA (glenoid fossa of scapula)
Movements Possible (8)
FLEXION – deltoid (anterior)
EXTENSION – deltoid (posterior)
ABDUCTION – deltoid (middle)
ADDUCTION – latissimus dorsi
HORIZONTAL FLEXION – pectoralis major
HORIZONTAL EXTENSION - trapezius
LATERAL ROTATION – teres minor and infraspinatus
MEDIAL ROTATION – teres major and subscapularis

17. ANTERIOR (FRONT) VIEW
POSTERIOR (BACK) VIEW

18. HIP JOINT Type of joint BALL AND SOCKET Articulating Bones (2) FEMUR
PELVIS (acetabulum of pelvis)
Movements Possible (4)
FLEXION - illiopsoas
EXTENSION – gluteus maximus
ABDUCTION – gluteus medius and minimus
ADDUCTION – adductor group

20. KNEE JOINT Type of joint FEMUR HINGE Rectus femoris
Articulating Bones (2)
Vastus intermedius (beneath rectus femoris)
FEMUR
TIBIA
TIBIA
Vastus lateralis
Movements Possible (2)
Vastus medialis
FLEXION – biceps femoris
EXTENSION – rectus femoris

21. ANKLE JOINT Type of joint HINGE Articulating Bones (3) TIBIA FIBULA
TALUS
Movements Possible (2)
DORSIFLEXION - tibialis anterior
PLANTAR FLEXION - gastrocnemius

22. The role of Muscles

23. Muscle functions
Agonist = muscle directly responsible for movement (CAUSES or CONTROLS the movement)
Antagonist = allows the movement to take place and co-ordinates with agonist
Fixator = stabilises the movement
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Usually…
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
Usually…
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
Always …

24. Muscle functions
Agonist = muscle directly responsible for movement (CAUSES or CONTROLS the movement)
Antagonist = allows the movement to take place and co-ordinates with agonist
Fixator = stabilises the movement
BUT…
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

25. Effect of gravity – when an antagonist is working as a BRAKE to control a movement, it becomes the agonist, even though it is still lengthening (eccentric contraction)

26. Effect of gravity – when an antagonist is working as a BRAKE to control a movement, it becomes the agonist, even though it is still lengthening (eccentric contraction)
EXAM TIP
You’re likely to only need to apply this for the following movements:
sit-ups (hip joint)
press-ups (elbow joint)
squats (knee joint)

27. TASK
With a partner, use your elastic bands to work out what is happening in the named muscles during the following movements: Illiopsoas during downward phase of sit-up Triceps brachii during downard phase of press-up Rectus femoris during downward phase of squat

28. FIXATORS (origin and insertion of muscle – not directly examined)

29. Practical Evidence and Log Books
Practical Evidence Keep videoing your sports (especially those that we don’t see you in on a Wednesday afternoon) Log Books Remember to keep completing your competitive log, electronically.

30. Using your elastic bands….
In a star jump, decide what movement has occurred at the hip joint, and then which muscle is the agonist, which is the antagonist and name a fixator. What types of contraction are occurring in each muscle? Extension: do the same for the shoulder joint

31. Motor Units How do I have the control to decide when to walk/run/jump?
Motor units are made up of 2 parts:
A motor neurone
Muscle fibres

32. An action potential (electrical impulse) will only cross the neuromuscular junction if 2 things occur:
The electrical charge is BIG enough
Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) is released
Axon of Motor Neurone
Muscle fibres
Neuromuscular junction
The ALL OR NONE LAW

33. Motor Neurone Disease – the ice bucket challenge…
How do we increase the strength of muscle contraction?
The all or none law states that a muscle fibre either contracts or doesn’t…..there is no variation in strength of a single muscle fibre. So there are 2 ways to increase the strength of a whole muscle contraction:
Increase the number of motor units recruited
Increase the rate that motor units contract (i.e. decrease the ‘rest’ time)
Motor Neurone Disease – the ice bucket challenge…

36. Type IIb
Type I