1. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Many different carriers and carrier networks
Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILEC) - AT&T, Verizon, Centurylink
Landline networks – default carrier in area
Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLEC) – Vayo, Nuvera, Masergy, Allstream
Own backbone networks and connect to customers via ILEC “last mile”
Mobile Carriers/Networks – Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile
Landline facilities connect base stations and mobile switching centers
Cable Operators – Comcast, Cox, Charter
Fiber and coax network to provide video, voice, data (triple play)
Connect to other carriers networks with backbone fiber connections
Application providers – Google, Apple, Amazon, Vonage
Data centers – do not own networks (Google fiber limited network in areas)
All these networks need to connect to each other to pass voice and data traffic

2. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
ILEC – landline network connections

3. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Mobile Carrier Network

4. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Mobile Carrier Connection to Other Mobile Carrier

5. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Cable Network Access

6. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Internet – network of networks
IXP – Internet Exchange Point or “Peering Point”

7. Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link
Carrier’s set of networks model