1. Reproductive System
Ch 46a

2. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
Asexual reproduction involves the formation of individuals whose genes all come from one parent.
There is no fusion of sperm and egg.
Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes.
Ovum: female gamete - usually large and nonmotile.
Spermatozooan: male gamete - usually small and motile.
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation among offspring.

3. Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

4. Hermaphroditism versus Gonochorism
Sexuality
Hermaphroditism versus Gonochorism
Hermaphroditism: both sexes in the same individuals
Gonochorism: sexes are separate
Acropora sp., a hermaphoditic coral
Fungia scutaria, a gonochoric coral
eggs
egg cloud
sperm packet

5. Brooding vs Broadcast Spawning
Brooding: eggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascular cavity of parent polyp
Broadcast Spawning: eggs and sperm are shed into the water column where fertilization and development occurs
D. Gulko
released gametes
planula in polyp
Pocillopora damicornis, a brooder
broadcast spawner

6. Sequential hermaphroditism: an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.
Protogynous: female to male
Protandrous: male to female

7. Parthenogenesis Egg development without fertilization Aphid Daphnia
Honeybee
Whiptail lizard
Komodo Dragon
Hammerhead Shark

8. Internal and external fertilization both depend on mechanisms ensuring that mature sperm encounter fertile eggs of the same species
Internal fertilization requires cooperative behavior that leads to copulation.

9. External fertilization requires a moist habitat that will protect a developing egg from desiccation and heat stress.
Specific mating behaviors assure that sperm and egg will be in the same place at the same time.
Surinam Toad

10. Pheromones: chemical signals released by one organism that influence the behavior of other individuals of the same species.
Many act as male attractants.
female
male

11. Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more parental protection than species with external fertilization
Internal fertilization usually results in the production of fewer zygotes than does internal fertilization.
However, the survival rate is lower for external fertilization than it is for internal fertilization.

12. The externally fertilized eggs of fishes and amphibians are surrounded by a gelatinous coat.
The internally fertilized amniote eggs of birds, reptiles, and monotremes are protected by calcium and protein shells.
In mammals the embryo is retained within the females reproductive tract.
Platypus egg
New born platypuses and Mom

13. Parental care of offspring may occur regardless of whether fertilization is external or internal.

15. Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla
The least complex reproductive systems lack gonads.
Polychaete worms lack gonads.
Eggs and sperm develop from undifferentiated cells lining the coelom.
Some reproductive systems, such as that seen in parasitic flatworms, can be very complex.

16. Reproductive anatomy of a parasitic flatworm

17. Most insects have separate sexes with complex reproductive systems.
In many species the female reproductive system includes a spermatheca, a sac in which sperm may be stored for a year or more.

18. The basic plan of all vertebrate reproductive systems are very similar.
However, there are variations.
In many non-mammalian vertebrates the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems share a common opening to the outside, the cloaca.
Mammals have separate opening for the digestive and reproductive systems.
Female mammals also have separate openings for the excretory and reproductive systems.

19. Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior
Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Male.
The scrotum and the penis are the external components of the reproductive system.
The internal reproductive organs consist of gonads, accessory sex glands, and ducts.

20. Male Reproductive System

21. Male Reproductive System

22. The sensitive glans penis is covered by thinner skin.
External structure of the penis:
The shaft of the penis is covered by relatively thick skin.
The sensitive glans penis is covered by thinner skin.
The glans is covered by the prepuce which may be removed by circumcision.
There is no verifiable health benefit to circumcision.

23. The engorgement of the penis with blood causes an erection.
The penis is composed of three layers of spongy erectile tissue.
During sexual arousal the erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries.
The resultant increased pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis.
The engorgement of the penis with blood causes an erection.
An erection is essential to the insertion of the penis into the vagina.
The penis of some mammals possesses a baculum, a bone that helps stiffen the penis.

24. Viagra® acts by promoting the action of nitric oxide.
Impotence can result from the consumption of alcohol and other drugs, and emotional, nervous system, or circulatory problems.
Treatment includes drugs and penile implant devices.
Viagra® acts by promoting the action of nitric oxide.

25. Testes

26. Testes are the male gonads.
Consists of many highly coiled seminiferous tubules surrounded by layers of connective tissue.
Sperm form in seminiferous tubules.
Leydig cells (interstitial cells), scattered between seminiferous tubules produce androgens (ex. testosterone).

27. Testes are located in the scrotum, outside the body cavity.
This keeps testicular temperature cooler than the body cavity.
The testes develop in the body cavity and descend into the scrotum just before birth.

28. From the seminiferous tubules sperm pass to the coiled tubules of the epididymis.
It takes about 20 days for sperm to pass through the tubules of the epididymis.
In the epididymis sperm become motile and gain the ability to fertilize.

29. Semen
Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and alkaline.
It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins.
Accessory glands:
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

30. Seminal vesicle:
A pair of glands that secrete a liquid component of semen into the vas deferens.
Secretion is alkaline, which neutralizes the acidic condition of the female genital tract.
Seminal fluid contains fructose.
Seminal Vesicle

31. Prostate gland:
Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it leaves the bladder.
Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm and prevents them from sticking together
Prostate problems are common in males over 40.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men.
Prostate

32. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland):
Location- paired glands that lie beneath the prostate
Secretion- a thick, clear alkaline mucous that drains into the membranous urethra.
Function- It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculating semen-- raises pH; neutralizes acidity of urine.
Bulbourethral gland

33. Ejaculation
Ejaculation propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens.
The vas deferens run from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder.
Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct.
The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra.
The urethra drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.

34. Ejaculate
A male usually ejaculates about 2 – 5 mL of semen; each milliliter containing about 50 – 130 million sperm.
Bulbourethral fluid also carries some sperm released before ejaculation.
This is one of the reasons why the withdrawal method of birth control has a high failure rate.

35. Spermatogenesis

37. Mature Spermatozoa
acrosome
head
nucleus
tail
mitochondria

38. Seminiferous Tubules

39. Seminiferous Tubules spermatozoa Sertoli cell spermatids
spermatogonium
1º spermatocyte
2º spermatocyte
spermatids
Sertoli cell
spermatozoa
Seminiferous Tubules

40. Sperm Maturation & Development
(maturation: days)

41. Hormones Involved in Spermatogenesis
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH), also called LH
Testosterone
Inhibin

42. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary
ICSH/LH
FSH

43. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
ICSH/LH
Interstitial Cells
Testosterone

44. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
FSH
Testosterone
Sertoli Cells
Spermatogenesis
Inhibin

45. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Feedback Inhibition
Inhibin
Acts on anterior pituitary
Inhibits FSH production
Testosterone
Acts on hypothalamus
Inhibits GnRH production

46. Some Other Effects of Testosterone
muscle and bone growth
facial and pubic hair growth
thickening of vocal cords
growth of pharyngeal cartilage
hair follicle effects
stimulates sebaceous glands

47. Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Female
External reproductive structures:
labia
clitoris
vaginal opening
Internal reproductive structures:
ovaries
fallopian tube (uterine tube)
cervix
uterus
vagina
fimbrae

48. Female Reproductive System
Biology 100
Human Biology
Female Reproductive System
uterine tube
fimbriae
ovary
uterus
bladder
cervix
urethra
clitoris
vagina
l. minora
l. majora
vaginal orifice

49. Biology 100 Human Biology egg uterine tube ovary ovary uterus
perimetrium
endometrium
myometrium
cervix
vagina

50. Oogenesis in the Ovary

51. Oogenesis
Ovary- contains 400,000 oocytes; release about 500 in a lifetime
Ovary- under influence of FSH. The follicles mature every 28 days
Primary follicle produces estrogens
And primary oocyte completes its 1st division produces 2ndary oocyte and polar body

52. Oogenesis
Aprox 1/2 way through the 28 day cycle the follicle reaches the mature Vesticular or Graffian follicle stage.
Estrogen levels rise and release LH and FSH and triggers ovulation.
The 2ndary oocyte travels down the uterine tube to the uterus.
If fertilized by sperm, it will produce a zygote

53. Oogenesis

54. Ovum

55. Hormones Involved in the Female Reproductive Cycle
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone

56. Female Hormonal Cycle
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary LH
FSH

57. Female Hormonal Cycle
FSH LH
Follicle Cells
Estrogen

59. The Uterine Cycle

60. Ovarian Cycle

62. Hormone Fluctuation

63. Some Other Effects of Estrogen
breast development
external genitalia growth
stimulates bone growth
increases HDL and lowers LDL

64. Menopause: cessation of ovarian and menstrual cycles.
Usually occurs between ages 46 and 54.
Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness to gonadotropins.
Menopause affects:
changes in sexual desire
triggers mood swings
causes debilitating hot flashes
may lead to bone and heart problems
short-term memory loss
insomnia

65. Milk drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple.
Mammary glands.
Are present in both males and females.
Are not a component of the reproductive system.
Contain epithelial tissue that secrete milk.
Milk drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple.