1. The Skeletal System

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Provides a framework to support the body
The bones give shape to the body
Provide protection for the delicate organs of the body
Bone serves as a reservoir for minerals
Movement of the body as the bones act as levers
To allow for the attachment of ligaments & tendons
Formation of red & white blood cells occurs in bone marrow

3. Structure of a Bone Bone Shaft Compact bone tissue Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow

4. Structure of a Bone

5. Bone Tissue A porous connective tissue
Contains living cells, nerves and blood vessels
Its matrix is formed by collagen and hardened by calcium
Collagen makes bones less brittle
The hardest tissue in the body
There are two main types of tissue:
Compact
Cancellate or Spongy

6. Compact Bone Tissue
The osteocytes (bone cells) are arranged in rings around a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves,

7. Cancellate Bone Tissue
Spongy consistency
Consists of a meshwork of thin plates of bone containing the osteocytes.
Has large spaces filled with bone marrow
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow produces white blood cells

9. Classification of Bones
Bones are classified according to their shape or position in the body.
There are five classifications of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

10. Classification of Bones
Long Bones
The long shaft contains yellow bone marrow
The two ends contain red bone marrow
Long bones are strong due to the amount of compact bone tissue.
e.g. femur, humerus

11. Classification of Bones
Short Bones
Roughly cube shaped
Mainly cancellate bone tissue.
Only a thin layer of compact surrounds each of the bones
e.g. bones of wrist

12. Classification of Bones
Flat Bones
Two thin layers of compact bone tissue
Red bone marrow present in the cancellate bone tissue
e.g. scapula or hip bones

13. Classification of Bones
Irregular
They have a complicated shape
e.g. vertebrae

14. Classification of Bones
Sesamoid
They develop inside tendons
e.g. Patella

15. Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Forms the main axis of the body
Skull, spine, sternum and ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Supports the limbs and gives attachment to the rest of the body
Shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle and legs

16. The Appendicular Skeleton
The shoulder girdle
The arms and hands
The pelvic girdle
The legs and feet

17. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
The bones are not fused so that movement can take place
The Scapular
A large flat, triangular bone that forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle.
The Clavicle
A long slender bone with a double curve that forms the anterior part of the shoulder girdle

18. Bones of the Arm The upper limb consists of the following bones:
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

19. The Humerus The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.
Head
The Humerus
The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.
The head of the humerus articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint.
The distal end articulates with
the ulna and radius to form the elbow joint
Distal end

20. Bones of the Forearm The ulna and radius are the bones of the forearm.
The bones rotate over each other to move the hand.
THE Ulna
The ulna is on the little finger side and is the longer of the two bones.
THE Radius
The radius is the bone on the side of the thumb.

21. The Wrist and Hand The 14 phalanges form the fingers and thumb.
The 5 metacarpals form the bones in the palm of the hand.
The 8 carpal bones are held together tightly by ligaments and form the bones of the wrist

22. The Carpal Bones Trapezoid Hamate Pisiform Trapezium Triquetrum
Capitate
Lunate
Scaphoid

23. The Pelvic Girdle
The pelvis consists of two hip bones joined at the back by the sacrum and at the front by the symphysis pubis.
Each hip bone is made up of three bones fused together: Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Sacrum
Ilium
Ishium
Symphysis pubis
Pubis

24. Bones of the Leg The lower limb consists of the following bones: Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

25. The Femur The longest bone in the body.
The head of the femur is rounded to fit into the socket of the pelvis to form the hip joint.
The distal end of the femur articulates with the patella and the tibia

26. Bones of the Lower Leg
The tibia and fibula are the two bones of the lower leg
The Tibia
Situated on the medial side and the large head forms the knee joint and the lower end the medial malleolus of the ankle.
The Fibula
Situated on the lateral side and is smaller and thinner than the tibia and forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle

27. The Ankle and Foot The 14 phalanges form the toes.
The 5 metatarsals form the bones of the top of the foot.
The 7 tarsal bones are held together tightly by ligaments and form the bones of the ankle. The calcaneum bone forms the heel of the foot and is an important site for the attachment of muscles.

28. Intermediate Cuneiform
The Tarsal Bones
Intermediate Cuneiform
Lateral Cuneiform
Medial Cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus

29. Arches of the Foot
The bones of the feet form arches which support the weight of the body.
The bones form a bridge-like arrangement that is not rigid.
There are four arches of the foot:
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Anterior transverse arch
Posterior transverse arch

30. The Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Sternum

31. The Skull The cranium protects the delicate tissues of the brain.
There are two parts to the skull: the cranium, the face
The bones of the cranium are fused together and the joints are known as sutures
The only moveable joint is with the mandible
The important bones to the therapist are the: 1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 Occipital
2 Zygomatic
2 Maxilla
1 Mandible

33. Frontal
Parietal
Nasal
Sphenoid
Vomer
Temporal
Zygomatic
Turbinate
Maxilla
Mandible

34. Frontal
Parietal
Lacrimal
Nasal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Temporal
Maxilla
Mandible
Sphenoid
Zygomatic

35. Palatine

36. Vertebral Column The central axis that supports the body.
Intervertebral discs allow some flexibility and act as shock absorbers
Consists of 33 vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 Coccygeal
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5
Cg 1-4

37. Functions of the Vertebral Column
To provide a strong and slightly flexible axis to the skeleton.
The vertebrae provide attachment for the muscles of the back.
To provide protection for the delicate nerve pathways of the spinal cord.
A ‘slipped disc’ occurs when an intervertebral disc is slightly out of position and presses on a nerve

38. The Thoracic Cage
The thoracic cage provides protection for the heart and lungs.
The thoracic cage is made up of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

39. The Sternum
This is known as the breast bone, and is the centre of the chest.
There are three parts:
Manubrium
(top section)
Main body
(centre section)
Xiphoid process
(bottom section)
Manubrium
Main body
Xiphoid process

40. The Sternum The manubrium articulates with the clavicle and first rib.
The main body articulates with the costal cartilages that link the ribs to the sternum.
The xiphoid process provides attachment for the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.

41. The Ribs 12 pairs of ribs They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.
7 pairs of true ribs
3 pairs of false ribs
2 pairs of floating ribs
They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.

42. Anatomical Terms ANTERIOR Front surface of the body POSTERIOR
Back surface of the body
LATERAL
Away from the midline
MEDIAL
Towards the midline
SUPERIOR
Upper surface
INFERIOR
Lower surface
PROXIMAL
Nearest part
DISTAL
Furthest part
DORSAL
Top surface of the foot
PLANTAR
Sole of the foot