1. Protists
The first Eukaryotes

2. Protist Characteristics
1) Domain: Eukarya
(have a nucleus)
2) Most are unicellular
3) None have true tissues
(so not plant, animal or fungi)
4) Animal-like, Plant-like or Fungus-like

3. A) contractile vacuole B) food vacuole C) macronucleus D) micronucleus
E) pellicle F) cilia
G) oral groove H) gullet G H

4. Amoeba Structures to know
A) nucleus
B) contractile
vacuole
C) food vacuole
D) pseudopod B C A D

5. Amoebozoans
Move by flowing cytoplasm into projections of cell membrane called pseudopods
false feet
Example: Amoeba
Not in ecojars

6. Euglena A) flagella B) reservoir C) contractile vacuole
D) pellicle : (contractile memb.)
E) eye spot A B E C D

8. Most primitive Clade Parabasalids & Diplomonads T.vaginalis Giardia
STD hiker’s diarrhea
Anaerobic or low O2, mitochondria primitive/lacking
Form cysts to survive hostile environments

9. 2nd most primitive clade
Euglenozoans & Kinetoplastids
Both have flagella, genetically similar

10. Euglenoids = Euglenophyta
Most primitive = heterotroph
Some became mixotrophs
2/3 of species obtained chloroplasts & eyespots
Pellicle = tough contractile cell membrane
Eye spot detects light
Contractile vacuole to remove water

11. Kinetoplastids Have kinetoplasts = giant mitochondria
allow conversion from aerobic to anaerobic
Trypanosoma sp. cause sleeping sickness
(Tsetse fly vector)
Leishmania sp. Cause leishmaniasis Mexican = fatal
(Sand fly vector)

12. 3rd most primitive clade
Radiolarians & Foraminiferans
Silica shell calcium carbonate shell
Both have : pseudopods & are zooplankton
(animal like drifters)

13. 4th most primitive clade
Is very large
Includes:
Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates, and Cilliates on one branch (all have alveoli so are alveolates)
*lost in Apicomplexans*
And
Diatoms, Chrysophytes, Brown Algae, & Oomycotes on the other branch
(all have bristle flagella so are stramenopiles)

14. Alveoli Membrane bound sacs just under cell membrane
Store Ca+ ions that act to contract cilia

15. Cilliates Have trichocysts and cilia
Earliest example of ‘true’ sexual reproduction
= conjugation
Example : Paramecium

16. Dinoflagellates Phytoplankton with flagella
Chloroplasts resemble green or red algae
Secondary endosymbiosis

17. Dinoflagellates Some bioluminsecent Some endosymbionts in Cnidarians
Dinoflagellate blooms:
Caused by high N +P level
May result in Red tide
May result in Eutrophication

18. Apicomplexans apical complex of microtubules
All are Parasites use microtubules to pierce host
Don’t move on their own
No use for alveoli
Are carried by a vector
Plasmodium sp. cause Malaria
live inside human Red Blood Cells

19. Stramenopiles Bristles on flagella Chloroplasts with 4 membranes…..
secondary endosymbiosis
Oomycotes lost chloroplasts? Or never got them?

20. Chrysophytes Photosynthetic Stramenophiles Includes 1) diatoms
2) golden & yellowgreeen algae
3) Brown algae

21. Diatoms Yellow/brown Algae 2-part silica shells
Important in phytoplankton food chain
Important oxygen producer
Diatomaceous earth

22. Diatoms = Carbon sink
Diatoms are able to use Bicarbonate as a carbon source.
Diatoms sinking to ocean floor act as a sink for carbon.

23. Brown Algae
Brown pigments absorb wavelengths of light that reach deeper into the water.
Largest multicellular algae
Sargassum kelp 

24. Sargasso Sea

25. Algae parts…

26. Oomycotes (egg fungi) Saprobe Stramenopiles (absorb food)
parasites & decomposers
Lost chloroplasts
Rusts water molds

27. Chlorophyta Green algae (chlorophyll) Most similar to plants
Unicellular …Desmids
Multicellular…filamentous algae & volvox
Complex life cycles

28. Chlamydomonas green algae

29. Red Algae
Red pigments absorb wavelengths of light even deeper in the water. (green & blue) phycobilins
Used to make thickeners & agar
Multicellular
Complex life cycles

30. Red Algae Life-cycle Multicellular body of plant = thalus
The thalus is the gametophyte….
gametes are produced by the gametophyte
male gametophytes produce sperm
female gametophytes produce eggs
A gametangium – the the part of the gametophyte that HOLDs the gametes
angio = vessel/ container

31. So a spermatangium holds…
And a Sporangium holds….
spores
Spore =
reproductive structure protected by hard wall. Often used for dispersal. May germinate by breaking out of the wall.
Sporophyte – is the plant body on which the sporangium grows.

32. Sperm = 1n male gamete
Egg = 1n female gamete
Zygote = 2n cell formed by fertilization

33. amoebozoans Complex life cycles Closest to Animals and Fungi
All have pseudopods
Free-living Amoeba, slime molds, & parasites
Free-living & Slime molds important
decomposers

34. Plasmodial Slime mold

35. Cellular Slime Molds - cAMP

36. Amoeba – free living
E. histolytica - dysentery