1. Adding & Subtracting Fractions
Must have a common denominator
Add numerators & denominators stay the same
Example 1: =
= 5 4
Example 2:
6 12 − 1 3
= − 4 12
= or 1 6

2. Multiplying fractions
Can have different denominators
Must be “multiplied across”
Multiplication sign represents the word “of”
For example X means ”one half of three fourths”
1 2 X = 3 8
This can be solved using models:

3. Dividing fractions Use the “flip and multiply” rule
Find the reciprocal of the second fraction in the division calculation, and then multiply the two fractions together. See example below:
1 2 ÷ = x 4 3
= or 2 3
or solve using a number line/model (see notes from text)

4. Mixed numbers & Improper fractions
We can change fractions back and forth between mixed numbers and improper fractions. For example:
8 3 is an improper fraction. We can re-write this as a mixed number:
Two important things to remember:
When multiplying and dividing, we must change mixed numbers into improper fractions before we multiply.
When adding and subtracting, we can keep our numbers as mixed fractions to complete our calculations.