1. Intro to Genetics
Read p 2-6

2. Intro video
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4. Ice land video
a.cnn

5. Human genome project

6. I. Genetics = A. Study of heredity
1. how traits are passed to other organisms
2. How environments affects inherited traits
B. Study of the mechanisms of genetic transmission
1. Genes
2. chromosomes
C. Study of gene expression

7. II. Prokaryotic Gene transmission
A. linear gene flow – genes passed on by reproduction
1. Prokaryotic fission
- BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION
- PRODUCES CLONES
- NO RECOMBINATION OF GENES SO
NOT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

8. B. lateral gene flow – genes passed to neighboring cells
1. conjugation – bacteria pass plasmid genes along cytoplasmic bridge
(may be different species)

9. 2. Bacterial Transformation –
bacteria pick up DNA
from environment
3. Transduction - virus transfers gene
into bacteria

10. III. Eukaryotic gene flow only linear
A. Asexual – no recombination of genes
1. via mitosis
2. produces clones
3. advantage : rapid, lower energy
4. examples
- binary fission in protists
- budding
- clonal propagation

11. B. sexual reproduction – genetic recombination
1. non-identical gametes formed via meiosis
2. genes of parents combined by fertilization
3. Advantage : produces genetically different offspring
4. Disadvantage : requires more energy, slower

12. Iv. Mitosis A. nuclear division to – 1. grow 2. replace worn cells
3. repair tissues
4. do asexual reproduction

13. B. Animal mitosis – 2n cell divides to make two 2n cells
2N means each cell has 2 of each type of chromosome
2n number for humans = 46
2 of each of 23 different
types of chromosome
N = chromosome number
2(N) = 2(23) = 46

14. C. Before mitosis can take place cell must copy DNA
1. DNA replication makes identical copy of each chromosome
2. duplicate chromosomes remain attached by centromere
3. duplicate chromosomes are called sister chromatids

15. D. phases of mitosis = pmat
1. P = prophase ….chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope breakes down
spindle forms
2. M = metaphase…..C line up single file at equator
3. A = Anaphase….centromere broken and sister chromatids move away from each other
4. T = sister chromatids reach opposite poles

17. E. cytokinesis most often follows mitosis
1. cell divides into 2 identical cells
2. called daughter cells

18. V. Meiosis A. Two nuclear divisions B. Mieosis I –
1. separates homologous pairs of c
2. converts 2n cell into 1n cell (still X shaped C)
C. Meiosis II –
1. separates sister chromatids
2. converts X shaped C into single chromosomes

19. d. What is different about meiosis I
Prophase I :
same as mitosis +
Synapsis &
crossing over
Metaphase I :
C line up in pairs

20. VI. How/Where Haploid Cells are produced
A. Where: Animals: Meiosis only in gonads
1. Gonads = reproductive organs
a. testis b. ovary
2. Specialized cells in gonad do meiosis
a. spermatocytes b. oocytes
3. Spermatocytes and oocytes are constantly replaced by specialized Spermatogonia cells & oogonia cells

22. VII. Spermatogenesis A. Spermatogonia cells do Mitosis make
1. a 1◦ spermatocyte
2. a cell that stays a spermatogonia
B. The 1◦ spermatocyte does meiosis to make 4 spermatids

23. VIII. Oogenesis Oogonia do Mitosis to make 1 primary Oocyte
Which does…
Meiosis I to make
1 secondary oocyte and one polar body
Meiosis II makes
1 ovum &1 polar body