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Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton

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Presentation on theme: "Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton"— Presentation transcript:

1 Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton
Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls on distribution and abundance of zooplankton

2 Approach to Freshwater Animals
Descriptions of major groups, organized taxonomically when possible Some morphology, but I will focus on life history and ecology Life History: changes experienced by an individual between birth and death that determine habitat requirements, ecology, and reproductive output Ecology: interactions among species, or between the focal species (stage) and physical habitat

3 What are zooplankton? Microscopic animals that float freely in the water column Very important as primary consumers – converting energy from phytoplankton to a form that can be used by larger animals Important food base for secondary consumers, including fish

4 Major groups of freshwater zooplankton
Rotifers Cladocerans Copepods

5 Rotifers 50 μm – 3 mm Smallest metazoan

6 Taxonomy http://tolweb.org/tree/ Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Genus Species

7 Rotifer Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Rotifera Class Order Family
Genus Species

8 Rotifer Diversity **High diversity in morphology

9 Cyclical Parthenogenesis*
STRESS

10 Resting Eggs

11 Cyclical Parthenogenesis

12 No Molting → Cell Expansion
Rotifer Life Cycle No Molting → Cell Expansion

13 Rotifer Colonies

14 Major groups of freshwater zooplankton
Rotifers Cladocerans Copepods

15 Cladocerans 0.5 mm – 3 mm

16 Cladoceran Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea Orders: Cladocera Family: Daphniidae and Bosminidae Genus Species

17 Cladoceran Families Daphniidae Bosminidae
**High diversity in morphology

18 Cyclical Parthenogenesis*

19 Cladoceran Eggs

20 Cladoceran Life Cycle

21 Cyclical Parthenogenesis

22 Ephippium

23 Cyclical Parthenogenesis

24 Major groups of freshwater zooplankton
Rotifers Cladocerans Copepods

25 Copepods 1.0 mm – 8.5 mm

26 Copepod Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea
Orders: Cyclopoida, Calanodia, Harpacticoid Family Genus Species

27 Copepod Orders Cyclopoid Calanoid Harpacticoid
**Low diversity in morphology

28 Copepod Egg Sacs Cyclopoid

29 Copepod Egg Sacs Calanoid

30 Copepod Egg Sacs Harpacticoid

31 Copepod Life Cycle

32 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

33 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

34 Zoop Distribution and Abundance:
Temperature Nutrients

35 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

36 Zoop Distribution and Abundance: Physical  Phish  Phytoplankton

37 Zooplankton Population Dynamics

38 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

39 Zoop Distribution and Abundance: Vertical Migration Pattern
Variation with stage and sex Light is proximal cue 3 main hypotheses

40 Vertical Migration Hypotheses:
Predation

41 Vertical Migration Hypotheses:
Food Quality

42 Vertical Migration Hypotheses:
High Feeding Efficiency Growth and Feeding Efficiency as a Function of Temperature “Hunt warm, rest cool” High Growth Efficiency

43 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

44 Zoop. Distribution and Abundance:
Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles VS.

45 Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles
Asplanchna Paramecium + = Amictic ♀♀ Amictic ♀♀

46 Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles
Chlamydomonas Asplanchna Paramecium + + = Euglena Amictic ♀♀

47 Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles
Large Mictic ♀♀ Enlargement Mictic ♀♀ = Mictic ♀♀ with “Humps” Sex Mictic ♂♂

48 Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance
Temperature  Nutrients Physical Phactors  Phish  Phytoplankton Vertical Migration Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles Predation among Zooplankton

49 Zoop. Distribution and Abundance: Predation among zooplankton

50 Predation Among Zooplankton
Cyclomorphosis

51 Cyclomorphosis: Elongation

52 Cyclomorphosis: Enlargement
Asplanchna Mictic ♀♀ Large Mictic ♀♀

53 Cyclomorphosis: Production of Lateral Spines

54 Cyclomorphosis: Reduction in Spines
Keratella

55 Zooplankton in Streams and Rivers
Low-Flow Areas Backwaters Reservoirs

56 Alternate Copepod Life Cycle
Cocopods Copepuffs

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