1. To Know From Sanderson et al. (2016)
Male- vs. Female-Athletes’ likelihood of reporting concussions
Males’ reasons:
Perceived lack of resources & severity; norm conformity
2 aspects of the sport culture’s norms for men (i.e., pain principle & allegiance)
Role of muting, hegemonic group, etc.

2. Muted Groups Theory (MGT)
Critical theory
MGT questions status quo & provides solut’s
Originators: Edwin & Shirley Ardener (1975)
Grps at top of social hierarchy determine comm. system
Women's experiences studied by talking to men
Process of muting:
Dominant grp’s lang.  result of worldview/exper’s
Muted grp must translate into dominant grp’s lang.
Articulations of muted grp broken, less clear

3. Sexism is Awesome! 1. Gender-based differences in M & W M & W perceive
2. Male dominance
(e.g., politics) of perception dominant
W’s exper’s
3. Women’s
To participate in society, W transform models to M system of expression
necess. for recognition

4. Makeup of Muted Groups Most research focuses on Fs as muted grp
But application to
Sex vs. Gender

5. Silencing/Muting
Ridicule -
Ritual -
Control -
Harassment -

6. Strategies of Resistance
Strategies to change status quo:
strategies of silencing
, , & “trivial” discourse
more representative language

7. Critical Strengths of MGT
about biases in our lang. system

8. Criticisms of MGT
Relies on essentialism (i.e., saying all M are one way)
Exaggerates W’s mutedness
and
Not too many studies use MGT as a framework
Assumptions not empirically validated