16. The Missouri Compromise
Deadlock in Washington broken by three compromises
Maine free state and Missouri slave state
Balance to be maintained for 15 years
Slavery banned above 36o30’ southern boundary of Missouri
Lasted 34 years, preserving the union and allowed for further maturity of the nation
Between the Panic and Compromise, Era of Good Feelings should have ended, but Monroe swept into office “losing” one electoral vote

18. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
McCullough v. Maryland States can’t tax federal government
Cohens v. Virginia Supreme Court can review all state court decisions involving the powers of federal government
Gibbons v. Ogden Federal government controls interstate trade
Established loose construction tradition in interpreting Constitution

19. Decisions to Protect Against Democratic Excesses
Fletcher v. Peck The supreme Court invalidated state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution
Dartmouth College v. Woodward Constitution protected contracts against state encroachment/protects business enterprises from domination by state governments

20. John Marshall’s Influence
Helped create a stables uniform environment for business
Checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures
Shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines
Through him, the Hamiltonians shaped the nation, Federal power over states

21. Expanding the Borders
Anglo-American Convention permits shared fishing with Canada off coast of Newfoundland, settles the Northern Boundary along the 49th parallel, provides for joint occupation of Oregon territory with Great Britain
Spanish Florida: When South America forced Spain to remove troops it opened it up for US intervention. Andrew Jackson exceeded his mandate taking advantage of Indians, not popular with Monroe’s cabinet
Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain agreed to trade Florida and any claim to Oregon in exchange for US abandonment of Texas

23. Menace of Monarchy
Autocrats in Europe wanted a world safe from democracy and smothered embers of rebellion in Spain and Italy alarming Americans
If Europeans interfered in the New World Republicanism would suffer irreparable harm, and the physical security of the nation could be endangered
Russia extended its jurisdiction of Alaska 100 miles out in the open sea and had trading posts as far south as San Francisco
Americans feared Russia might have the opportunity to cut California off from the rest of the nation

24. Monroe Doctrine 1823
In his annual message to Congress Monroe issued a stern warning to the European powers
He warned Russia that the age of colonization had ended and the other European powers against intervention in the South
European powers were deeply offended
Russo-American Treaty 1824 settled Alaska’s southern border at 54o40’
The doctrine kept Europe from gaining a foothold, though not a law, it was an expression of nationalism after the War of 1812