1. Animal Reproduction
Chapter 3, Section 1

2. Animal Reproduction Reproduction is key to species survival
Over time, animals have developed different methods of reproduction to suit their environment

3. Asexual Reproduction Some animals reproduce asexually
Asexual Reproduction is when a single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
This allows organisms that are successful in an environment to produce offspring that will also be successful in the same environment

4. Asexual Reproduction Produce many offspring in a short amount of time
Types:
Budding
Fragmentation
Binary fission

5. Budding Asexual Offspring grows out of parent Yeast, hydras
+ Fast, somewhat easy
- Same DNA

6. Fragmentation/ regeneration
Asexual
Body of parent breaks and produces offspring
Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarians
+ Easy
- Parent broken, same DNA
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.

7. Fragmentation/Regeneration
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated.
Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation.
Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.

8. Binary Fission Asexual DNA replicates, cell splits in two
Prokaryotes, Bacteria
+ Fast and easy
- Same DNA

9. Sexual Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually
In sexual reproduction, offspring are formed when genetic information from more than one parent cell combines
Sexual reproduction requires two parents, a male and a female

10. Sexual Reproduction The male sex cells called sperm
The female sex cells called eggs
Egg and sperm join creating zygote
Process called fertilization
EGG
SPERM

11. Sexual Reproduction egg and sperm each contribute their chromosomes
combination of genes results in a zygote that grows into a unique individual
not genetically identical to either of its parents

12. Sexual Reproduction Sexual DNA from 2 individuals merge to form one
Animals, Plants
+ Diverse DNA
- Takes a long time, 2 individuals needed

13. External Fertilization
External or Internal?
Fertilization can occur either outside or inside the female’s body
Outside the female's body = external fertilization
Inside the female’s body = internal fertilization
External Fertilization

14. External Fertilization
Must take place in a moist environment so that they zygotes will not dry out
Female releases her eggs
At the same time, male releases his sperm over eggs to fertilize them
EX: Fish and Frogs

15. Internal Fertilization
Allows female animal to protect the developing zygote inside her body
Provides a moist place for the zygote to develop safely

16. Internal Fertilization
EX: reptiles, birds, mammals, and some fish
Many can lay fertilized eggs like chickens and snakes
Most mammals give birth to live, well developed young like zebras

17. Mammals
All reproduce sexually
All nurture their young with milk

18. Mammal Reproduction Monotreme Lay eggs
After hatching, the young are nourished by milk from pores on the mother
Ex. Platypus & Echidna

19. Mammal Reproduction Marsupial
give birth to partially developed live young
Most have a pouch where their young continue to develop after birth
Example: Koalas and Kangaroos

20. Mammal Reproduction Placental Mammal more than 4,000 species
nourished inside the mother’s body before birth
more developed than the others
Ex. Humans, armadillos, bats