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Animal Reproduction Chapter 3, Section 1
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Animal Reproduction Reproduction is key to species survival
Over time, animals have developed different methods of reproduction to suit their environment
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Asexual Reproduction Some animals reproduce asexually
Asexual Reproduction is when a single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to the parent This allows organisms that are successful in an environment to produce offspring that will also be successful in the same environment
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Asexual Reproduction Produce many offspring in a short amount of time
Types: Budding Fragmentation Binary fission
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Budding Asexual Offspring grows out of parent Yeast, hydras
+ Fast, somewhat easy - Same DNA
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Fragmentation/ regeneration
Asexual Body of parent breaks and produces offspring Fungi, moss, sea stars, planarians + Easy - Parent broken, same DNA Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation. Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues. Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.
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Fragmentation/Regeneration
Fragmentation or Clonal Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. The splitting may or may not be intentional. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a clone of the original organism. If the organism is split any further the process is repeated. Fragmentation is seen in many organisms such as molds, some annelid worms, and starfish. Binary fission of single-celled organisms such bacteria, protozoa and many algae is a type of fragmentation. Molds, yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are part of the Fungi kingdom, produce tiny filaments called hyphae. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues. Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, liverworts and mosses.
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Binary Fission Asexual DNA replicates, cell splits in two
Prokaryotes, Bacteria + Fast and easy - Same DNA
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Sexual Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually
In sexual reproduction, offspring are formed when genetic information from more than one parent cell combines Sexual reproduction requires two parents, a male and a female
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Sexual Reproduction The male sex cells called sperm
The female sex cells called eggs Egg and sperm join creating zygote Process called fertilization EGG SPERM
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Sexual Reproduction egg and sperm each contribute their chromosomes
combination of genes results in a zygote that grows into a unique individual not genetically identical to either of its parents
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Sexual Reproduction Sexual DNA from 2 individuals merge to form one
Animals, Plants + Diverse DNA - Takes a long time, 2 individuals needed
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External Fertilization
External or Internal? Fertilization can occur either outside or inside the female’s body Outside the female's body = external fertilization Inside the female’s body = internal fertilization External Fertilization
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External Fertilization
Must take place in a moist environment so that they zygotes will not dry out Female releases her eggs At the same time, male releases his sperm over eggs to fertilize them EX: Fish and Frogs
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Internal Fertilization
Allows female animal to protect the developing zygote inside her body Provides a moist place for the zygote to develop safely
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Internal Fertilization
EX: reptiles, birds, mammals, and some fish Many can lay fertilized eggs like chickens and snakes Most mammals give birth to live, well developed young like zebras
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Mammals All reproduce sexually All nurture their young with milk
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Mammal Reproduction Monotreme Lay eggs
After hatching, the young are nourished by milk from pores on the mother Ex. Platypus & Echidna
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Mammal Reproduction Marsupial
give birth to partially developed live young Most have a pouch where their young continue to develop after birth Example: Koalas and Kangaroos
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Mammal Reproduction Placental Mammal more than 4,000 species
nourished inside the mother’s body before birth more developed than the others Ex. Humans, armadillos, bats
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